Influence of Types of Modified Atmospheric Packaging (MAP) Films on Cold-Storage Life and Fruit Quality of ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour X C. deliciosa Tenora)

Figures & data

Table 1. Physiological weight and spoilage loss of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit influenced by different MAP treatment and cold storage periods during 2017 and 2018

Physiological weight loss (%)							Spoilage (%)
Storage time (Days)							Storage time (Days)
Treatment (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)
LDPE-film (25 μ)	0	0.45	0.74	0.95	1.57	0.74	0	8.33	12.50	33.33	83.33	27.50
LDPE-film (38 μ)	0	0.60	0.88	0.89	1.48	0.77	0	8.33	12.50	49.99	79.16	30.00
LDPE-film (25 μ) with pinholes	0	0.30	0.55	0.79	1.34	0.59	0	0	0	0	20.83	4.17
LDPE-film (38 μ) with pinholes	0	0.49	0.73	1.00	1.23	0.69	0	0	0	4.33	50.00	10.87
PP-film (25 μ)	0	0.25	0.91	1.91	2.45	1.10	0	16.66	20.83	33.33	91.66	32.50
PP-film (38 μ)	0	0.45	0.74	0.95	1.52	0.74	0	0	0	12.50	91.66	20.83
PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes	0	0.28	0.51	0.53	1.03	0.47	0	0	0	0	12.49	2.50
PP-film (38 μ) with pinholes	0	0.49	0.74	0.94	1.46	0.73	0	0	0	12.49	75.00	17.50
Control	0	4.36	6.86	9.49	12.66	6.68	0	0	0	20.83	33.33	10.83
Mean (SI)	0	0.85	1.41	1.94	2.75		0	3.70	5.09	18.53	59.72
LSD (p ≤ 0.05)	Treatment (T) = 0.078 Days (ST) = 0.058 ST x T = 0.17						Treatment (T) = 0.92 Days (ST) = 0.68 ST x T = 2.05

The data were transformed using square root transformation for weight and spoilage loss but only non-transformed values are given. Each value represents a pooled mean of 2 years data (2017 and 2018)

Figure 1. Fruit packed in PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes (A) 30 days after cold storage; (B) 45 days after cold storage; (C) 60 days after cold storage and (D) 75 days after cold storage

Figure 2. Fruit packed in PP-film (25 μ) (A) 30 days after cold storage; (B) 45 days after cold storage; (C) 60 days after cold storage and (D) 75 days after cold storage

Table 2. Juice content and firmness of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit influenced by different MAP treatment and cold storage periods during 2017 and 2018

Juice (%)							Firmness (kg force)
Storage time (Days)							Storage time (Days)
Treatment (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)
LDPE-film (25 μ)	49.00	45.19	44.71	42.96	41.52	44.67	6.19	5.19	4.84	4.19	3.25	4.73^e
LDPE-film (38 μ)	49.00	44.72	43.83	42.94	40.89	44.27	6.19	5.95	4.94	3.59	2.70	4.68^e
LDPE-film (25 μ) with pinholes	49.00	48.59	47.79	45.32	42.71	46.68	6.19	6.50	6.10	4.58	3.78	5.43^a
LDPE-film (38 μ) with pinholes	49.00	46.79	46.46	45.10	42.77	46.03	6.19	6.50	6.30	4.17	3.37	5.31^b
PP-film (25 μ)	49.00	44.75	41.93	41.46	38.05	43.04	6.19	4.83	4.57	4.49	2.80	4.58 ^f
PP-film (38 μ)	49.00	45.44	44.67	43.31	41.74	44.83	6.19	6.01	5.06	4.44	2.72	4.88^d
PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes	49.00	48.41	47.19	45.51	45.40	47.10	6.19	7.29	6.21	4.19	3.33	5.44^a
PP-film (38 μ) with pinholes	49.00	46.71	44.99	43.43	40.51	44.93	6.19	7.07	5.67	4.25	2.57	5.15 ^c
Control	49.00	46.37	45.02	38.26	34.48	42.63	6.19	4.54	3.93	3.39	3.01	4.21 ^g
Mean (SI)	49.00	46.33	45.18	43.14	40.90		6.19^a	5.99^b	5.29 ^c	4.14^d	3.06^e
LSD (p ≤ 0.05)	Treatment (T) = 0.65 Days (ST) = 0.48 ST x T = 1.45						Treatment (T) = 0.096 Days (ST) = 0.072 ST x T = 0.21

The data were transformed using square root transformation for juice content but only non-transformed values are given. Each value represents a pooled mean of 2 years data (2017 and 2018)

Table 3. Pectin content, PME, and cellulase activity of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit influenced by different MAP treatments and cold storage periods during 2017 and 2018

Pectin (mg Ca pectate 100 ml^−1 juice)							Pectin methylesterase activity (mmol pectin hydrolyzed min^−1 L^−1)						Cellulase activity (g glucose min^−1 kg^−1 protein)
Storage time (Days)							Storage time (Days)						Storage time (Days)
Treatment (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)
LDPE-film (25 μ)	0.65	0.49	0.35	0.21	0.16	0.37	0.59	2.63	3.73	2.45	1.81	2.24	1.26	3.43	3.93	3.24	2.57	2.89
LDPE-film (38 μ)	0.65	0.48	0.26	0.22	0.18	0.36	0.59	2.77	3.95	2.45	1.89	2.33	1.26	4.16	7.38	1.65	0.95	3.08
LDPE-film (25 μ) with pinholes	0.65	0.57	0.34	0.27	0.16	0.40	0.59	2.25	2.38	2.49	1.76	1.89	1.26	1.68	2.44	3.16	0.80	1.87
LDPE-film (38 μ) with pinholes	0.65	0.54	0.34	0.28	0.15	0.39	0.59	2.26	2.43	2.56	1.97	1.96	1.26	2.82	3.09	3.15	0.16	2.10
PP-film (25 μ)	0.65	0.46	0.30	0.23	0.12	0.35	0.59	2.91	3.52	2.70	2.18	2.38	1.26	3.01	5.89	4.92	1.20	3.26
PP-film (38 μ)	0.65	0.54	0.34	0.23	0.15	0.38	0.59	2.13	4.35	2.13	1.94	2.23	1.26	3.27	5.81	1.97	1.11	2.69
PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes	0.65	0.53	0.36	0.32	0.19	0.41	0.59	1.78	1.92	2.61	1.54	1.69	1.26	1.78	2.05	2.26	0.73	1.62
PP-film (38 μ) with pinholes	0.65	0.52	0.34	0.28	0.16	0.39	0.59	2.10	2.20	4.10	1.70	2.14	1.26	2.73	3.48	3.67	0.49	2.33
Control	0.65	0.44	0.25	0.21	0.13	0.34	0.59	3.50	3.98	2.24	1.71	2.41	1.26	6.81	8.30	1.63	0.35	3.67
Mean (SI)	0.65	0.51	0.32	0.25	0.16		0.59	2.48	3.16	2.64	1.83		1.26	3.30	4.71	2.85	0.93
LSD (p ≤ 0.05)	Treatment (T) = 0.00091 Days (ST) = 0.00068 SI x T = 0.020						Treatment (T) = 0.046 Days (ST) = 0.034 ST x T = 0.10						Treatment (T) = 0.064 Days (ST) = 0.048 ST x T = 0.14

Each value represents a pooled mean of 2 years data (2017 and 2018)

Table 4. Soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and ascorbic acid content of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit influenced by different MAP treatments and cold storage periods during 2017 and 2018

SSC (%)							TA (%)						Ascorbic acid (mg 100 ml^−1 juice)
Storage time (Days)							Storage time (Days)						Storage time (Days)
Treatment (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)
LDPE-film (25 μ)	8.60	9.90	10.27	11.72	10.62	10.22	1.24	0.86	0.77	0.63	0.44	0.79	33.92	22.83	22.32	20.30	18.60	23.60^d
LDPE-film (38 μ)	8.60	9.20	10.40	10.77	10.67	9.93	1.24	0.84	0.68	0.62	0.50	0.78	33.92	22.55	21.81	20.13	18.39	23.36^de
LDPE-film (25 μ) with pinholes	8.60	10.27	10.67	12.80	10.82	10.63	1.24	0.96	0.89	0.76	0.39	0.85	33.92	24.71	24.09	20.47	19.76	24.59^ab
LDPE-film (38 μ) with pinholes	8.60	10.55	10.75	11.10	10.85	10.37	1.24	0.98	0.78	0.63	0.46	0.82	33.92	25.77	23.06	21.39	18.22	24.47^abc
PP-film (25 μ)	8.60	9.27	9.87	10.90	10.45	9.82	1.24	0.76	0.64	0.63	0.51	0.76	33.92	22.42	20.75	20.32	17.72	23.03^ef
PP-film (38 μ)	8.60	10.00	10.55	11.10	11.00	10.25	1.24	1.01	0.80	0.55	0.37	0.80	33.92	28.10	23.45	19.05	16.22	24.15 ^c
PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes	8.60	10.57	11.10	12.00	11.37	10.73	1.24	1.18	0.85	0.79	0.48	0.91	33.92	23.38	23.22	22.96	20.99	24.90^a
PP-film (38 μ) with pinholes	8.60	9.55	10.80	11.62	11.48	10.41	1.24	0.94	0.78	0.63	0.44	0.81	33.92	25.71	23.00	21.28	17.93	24.37^bc
Control	8.60	8.70	9.67	10.95	10.45	9.67	1.24	0.71	0.62	0.60	0.53	0.74	33.92	21.73	20.66	19.76	18.39	22.90 ^f
Mean (SI)	8.60	9.78	10.46	11.44	10.86		1.24	0.92	0.76	0.65	0.46		33.92^a	24.14^b	22.49 ^c	20.63^d	18.47^e
LSD (p ≤ 0.05)	Treatment (T) = 0.19 Days (ST) = 0.14 ST x T = 0.43						Treatment (T) = 0.017 Days (ST) = 0.013 ST x T = 0.038						Treatment (T) = 0.43 Days (ST) = 0.32 ST x T = 0.97

Each value represents a pooled mean of 2 years data (2017 and 2018)

Table 5. Total phenols, total antioxidant activity, and total carotenoids content of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit influenced by different MAP treatments and cold storage periods during 2017 and 2018

Total phenols (mg 100 ml^−1 juice)							Total antioxidant activity (%)						Total carotenoids (mg 100 ml^−1 juice)
Storage time (Days)							Storage time (Days)						Storage time (Days)
Treatment (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)
LDPE-film (25 μ)	129.98	212.96	110.48	80.89	42.90	115.45^d	26.60	22.76	18.41	13.66	8.51	17.99^d	0.42	0.52	0.48	0.30	0.19	0.38
LDPE-film (38 μ)	129.98	165.32	153.80	90.77	20.56	112.09^e	26.60	23.52	18.58	12.13	8.22	17.81^de	0.42	0.57	0.36	0.26	0.24	0.37
LDPE-film (25 μ) with pinholes	129.98	185.05	180.41	89.04	25.08	121.91^b	26.60	25.03	18.51	14.80	11.03	19.20^b	0.42	0.64	0.61	0.31	0.23	0.45
LDPE-film (38 μ) with pinholes	129.98	196.03	146.56	89.75	38.25	120.12^bc	26.60	24.04	17.16	13.92	11.53	18.65 ^c	0.42	0.60	0.52	0.35	0.25	0.43
PP-film (25 μ)	129.98	158.77	94.72	71.56	18.68	94.74 ^f	26.60	23.37	17.51	12.07	8.63	17.64^e	0.42	0.53	0.35	0.27	0.26	0.37
PP-film (38 μ)	129.98	211.18	115.21	82.52	40.63	115.91^d	26.60	25.46	17.28	11.51	11.28	18.43 ^c	0.42	0.56	0.45	0.35	0.18	0.40
PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes	129.98	191.15	163.90	120.19	26.74	126.39^a	26.60	25.18	19.31	15.35	11.63	19.62^a	0.42	0.76	0.53	0.49	0.41	0.53
PP-film (38 μ) with pinholes	129.98	193.33	148.57	87.23	36.92	119.21 ^c	26.60	23.85	15.90	14.93	11.43	18.54 ^c	0.42	0.71	0.47	0.23	0.22	0.41
Control	129.98	126.93	93.94	70.27	27.11	89.65 ^g	26.60	19.59	13.81	9.90	6.50	15.28 ^f	0.42	0.59	0.35	0.23	0.15	0.35
Mean (SI)	129.98 ^c	182.30^a	134.18^b	86.91^d	30.77^e		26.60^a	23.65^b	17.39 ^c	13.14^d	9.86^e		0.42	0.61	0.46	0.31	0.24
LSD (p ≤ 0.05)	Treatment (T) = 2.53 Days (ST) = 1.88 ST x T = 5.66						Treatment (T) = 0.33 Days (ST) = 0.24 ST x T = 0.73						Treatment (T) = 0.00091 Days (ST) = 0.00068 ST x T = 0.020

Each value represents a pooled mean of 2 years data (2017 and 2018).

Table 6. Organoleptic sensory attributes (Hedonic scale 1–9) of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit influenced by different MAP treatments and cold storage periods during 2017 and 2018

Organoleptic sensory attributes (Hedonic scale 1–9)
Storage time (Days)
Treatment (T)	0	30	45	60	75	Mean (T)
LDPE-film (25 μ)	7.50	8.34	7.75	6.94	4.97	7.10
LDPE-film (38 μ)	7.50	8.32	7.70	6.83	0	6.07
LDPE-film (25 μ) with pinholes	7.50	8.57	8.25	7.95	6.68	7.79
LDPE-film (38 μ) with pinholes	7.50	8.72	8.07	7.74	6.04	7.62
PP-film (25 μ)	7.50	8.45	7.55	7.13	0	6.13
PP-film (38 μ)	7.50	8.40	7.61	7.04	0	6.11
PP-film (25 μ) with pinholes	7.50	8.72	8.50	8.35	6.63	7.94
PP-film (38 μ) with pinholes	7.50	8.65	7.87	7.17	5.85	7.41
Control	7.50	7.20	6.63	6.12	5.80	6.65
Mean (SI)	7.50	8.38	7.77	7.25	4.00
LSD (p ≤ 0.05)	Treatment (T) = 0.14 Days (ST) = 0.10 ST x T = 0.31

The data were transformed using square root transformation for sensory attributes but only non-transformed values are given. Each value represents a pooled mean of 2 years data (2017 and 2018)

Table 7. Correlation among ascorbic acid content, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, PME, and cellulase activity of cold-stored ‘Kinnow’ fruit

	Ascorbic acid content	Total phenols	Total antioxidant activity	PME
Total phenols	0.916*
Total antioxidant activity	0.870*	0.904*
PME	−0.922*	−0.813*	−0.805*
Cellulase	−0.977*	−0.903*	−0.907*	0.963*

*Significant at p ≤ 0.05