Determination of Physico-chemical Properties of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaerth) Fruits among Different Populations in Garhwal Himalaya

Figures & data

Table 1. Geographical description of fruit collection sites in Garhwal Himalayan region, India

S.N.	Population	District	Altitude (m asl)	Latitude	Longitude
1	Kaudiyala	Tehri	446	30°04ʹ27.92”N	78°30ʹ09.50”E
2	Devprayag	Tehri	510	30°08ʹ44.93”N	78°36ʹ00.71”E
3	Satpuli	Pauri	630	29°55ʹ01.61”N	78°42ʹ36.88”E
4	Kaliyasauar	Pauri	665	30°15ʹ27.96”N	78°52ʹ50.16”E
5	Dangchaura	Tehri	692	30°16ʹ00.10”N	78°42ʹ59.81”E
6	Chauki	Rudraparyag	742	30°20ʹ43.96”N	78°58ʹ31.23”E
7	Khandah	Pauri	742	30°11ʹ36.45”N	78°46ʹ43.14”E
8	Farashu	Pauri	755	30°14ʹ25.77”N	78°51ʹ14.94”E
9	Khankhara	Rudraparyag	758	30°14ʹ35.76”N	78°55ʹ01.16”E
10	Pathisain	Pauri	759	29°58ʹ49.99”N	78°46ʹ48.34”E
11	Gauchar	Chamoli	790	30°17ʹ15.22”N	79°09ʹ04.59”E
12	Rudraparyag	Rudraparyag	798	30°17ʹ32.05”N	78°59ʹ22.42”E
13	Karnaparyag	Chamoli	864	30°15ʹ32.06”N	79°13ʹ09.01”E
14	Augastmuni	Rudraparyag	872	30°23ʹ26.37”N	79°01ʹ38.76”E
15	Khola	Pauri	919	30°12ʹ46.45”N	78°47ʹ17.98”E
16	Pabau	Pauri	1035	30°06ʹ11.41”N	78°53ʹ09.16”E
17	Chamoli	Chamoli	1062	30°24ʹ15.43”N	79°19ʹ55.17”E
18	Hisriyakhal	Tehri	1119	30°15ʹ36.65”N	78°40ʹ03.83”E
19	Naugad	Tehri	1171	30°16ʹ27.27”N	78°50ʹ29.23”E
20	Bughani	Pauri	1254	30°12ʹ41.87”N	78°51ʹ14.86”E
21	Paukhal	Tehri	1263	30°21ʹ43.86”N	78°36ʹ43.48”E
22	Jakheti	Pauri	1320	30°02ʹ11.54”N	78°47ʹ51.29”E
23	Silkakhal	Tehri	1426	30°16ʹ15.85”N	78°47ʹ25.50”E
24	Parsundakhal	Pauri	1486	30°04ʹ40.49”N	78°46ʹ31.60”E
25	Maikoti	Rudraparyag	1540	30°20ʹ27.40”N	78°59ʹ57.55”E
26	Kholachauri	Pauri	1552	30°09ʹ20.95”N	78°40ʹ40.14”E
27	Pauri	Pauri	1563	30°08ʹ44.26”N	78°46ʹ44.12”E
28	Jakholi	Rudraparyag	1620	30°23ʹ32.48”N	78°57ʹ08.65”E

Table 2. Physical variations in fruit characters of E. officinalis (mean of five replicate 20 fruits each). Value in the same column with the same letter do not differ significant (P < .05)

Population	Altitude (m asl)	Number of fruits kg^−1	Fruit weight (g)	Fruit diameter (cm)	Fruit length (cm)	Fruit volume (mL)	Pulp thickness (cm)	Pulp weight (g)	Pulp:stone ratio	Specific gravity
Kaudiyala	446	242 ^c	4.31°^p	1.89 ^k	1.64 ^m	3.50 ^mn	0.61^ef	3.77^mo	7.12^e	1.24^a
Devprayag	510	241 ^c	4.21^p	1.97^i	1.59 ^n	3.60 ^lm	0.48^jk	3.01^p	2.50 ^m	1.19^bcd
Satpuli	630	243 ^c	3.89^q	1.94 ^j	1.80^ij	3.20 ^n	0.49 ^j	3.15^p	2.76 ^lm	1.20^bc
Kaliyasauar	665	214^e	4.70 ^m	2.03^gh	1.72 ^l	4.60^hi	0.56 ^h	4.04^lmn	6.18 ^f	1.03^hi
Dangchaura	692	211^e	4.80^mn	2.01^hi	1.86 ^h	3.70^lmn	0.48^jk	3.55°	2.94^kl	1.31^a
Chauki	742	200 ^f	5.09^i	2.01^hi	1.84^hi	5.20 ^f	0.61^ef	4.62^hi	9.82^a	1.18^bcd
Khandah	742	199^fg	4.60 ^n	2.04 ^gh	1.75^kl	4.10^jk	0.53^i	3.52°	3.24^jk	1.13^def
Farashu	755	183 ^hi	5.52^ij	2.21^de	1.85 ^h	4.40^ij	0.63^e	4.36^ijk	3.83^h	1.26^a
Khankhara	758	145 ^l	7.02^d	2.35 ^c	1.95^ef	6.00^e	0.56 ^h	5.25^ef	2.94^kl	1.20^bc
Pathisain	759	162 ^k	6.24^fg	2.30^d	1.85 ^h	5.20 ^f	0.63^e	4.88^gh	3.57^hij	1.20^bc
Gauchar	790	170^jk	5.92 ^h	2.15 ^f	1.97^e	5.80^e	0.56 ^h	5.04^fg	6.01 ^f	1.02^i
Rudraparyag	798	120^mn	8.40^b	2.41^b	2.23^b	8.00 ^c	0.66^d	7.38 ^c	7.75^d	1.05^ghi
Karnaparyag	864	195^fg	5.21 ^kl	2.05^gh	1.84^hi	5.00^fg	0.57^gh	4.47^ij	6.06 ^f	1.06 ^ghi
Augastmuni	872	184 ^h	6.70^e	1.95 ^j	1.74 ^kl	3.40^mn	0.44 ^l	2.08^q	3.41^ij	1.13^def
Khola	919	112 ^n	8.86^a	2.87^a	2.34^a	9.14^a	0.88^a	8.70^a	6.15 ^f	1.14^ede
Pabau	1035	250 ^c	4.05^pq	1.93 ^j	1.65 ^m	3.80^klm	0.46^kl	2.89^p	2.50 ^m	1.09^egfh
Chamoli	1062	115 ^n	8.82^a	2.41^b	2.16 ^c	8.80^b	0.68 ^cd	7.87^b	8.31 ^c	1.01^i
Hisriyakhal	1119	128 ^m	7.90 ^c	2.42^b	2.25^b	6.60^d	0.74^b	6.30^d	3.96 ^h	1.20^bc
Naugad	1171	161 ^k	6.36 ^f	2.27^d	1.93^fg	5.30 ^f	0.59^fg	5.01^fg	3.79^hi	1.21^b
Bughani	1254	223^d	4.51^no	2.06^g	1.64 ^m	3.90^kl	0.53^i	3.53°	3.60^hij	1.18^bcd
Paukhal	1263	298^a	3.39 ^r	1.77 ^l	1.78^jk	2.70°	0.34 ^m	2.19^q	1.93 ^n	1.26^a
Jakheti	1320	188^gh	5.37^jk	2.11 ^f	1.98^de	4.50^hi	0.56 ^h	3.94^mn	2.76 ^lm	1.20^bc
Silkakhal	1426	184 ^h	5.47 ^j	2.09^fg	1.93^fg	5.10^fg	0.53^i	4.06^klmn	2.89^klm	1.07^fghi
Parsundakhal	1486	167^jk	6.04^g	2.20^de	2.02^d	4.80^gh	0.59^fg	4.67^hi	3.42^ij	1.26^a
Maikoti	1540	204^ef	4.92 ^lm	1.97^ij	1.84^hi	4.50^hi	0.53^i	4.11^klm	5.33 ^g	1.10^efg
Kholachauri	1552	283^b	3.59 ^r	1.82 ^k	1.58 ^n	3.30^mn	0.50 ^j	3.02^p	9.00^b	1.10^egf
Pauri	1563	173^ij	5.81^hi	2.21^de	1.73 ^l	5.68^e	0.60 ^f	4.29^lkj	2.82^klm	1.03^hi
Jakholi	1620	167^jk	6.10^fgh	2.25^de	1.91 ^g	5.90^e	0.57^gh	5.35^e	7.15^e	1.04^ghi
	SD	47.32	1.51	0.23	0.20	1.62	0.10	1.57	2.24	0.09

Table 3. Chemical variations in fruit characters of E. officinalis (mean of five replicate 20 fruits each). Value in the same column with the same letter do not differ significant (P < .05)

Population	Altitude (m asl)	Moisture (%)	Total soluble solids (^°Brix)	Malic acid (%)	Citric acid (%)	Tartaric acid (%)	Vitamin C (mg100g^−1)	Sugar (mg g^−1)
Kaudiyala	446	83.30^a	14.16^jk	2.87^ijk	2.74^gh	6.42 ^f	347.92^gh	8.43^p
Devprayag	510	79.73^de	13.24^mn	2.80^ijk	2.68^gh	6.27^fg	294.26 ^k	13.62^mn
Satpuli	630	73.51 ^k	16.08	3.65^b	3.48^b	8.16^a	202.80 ^n	32.27 ^c
Kaliyasauar	665	83.42^a	15.84 ^f	2.88^hijk	2.75 ^g	6.45 ^f	471.90^b	14.01^mn
Dangchaura	692	73.60 ^k	17.24^d	3.23^d	3.09^d	7.23 ^c	374.05^e	26.03^d
Chauki	742	79.20^ef	16.20^ef	1.46	1.40 ^k	3.27 ^j	326.33^ij	23.34^e
Khandah	742	73.74^k	16.34^e	3.08^ef	2.95^e	6.90^d	252.84 ^l	14.60 ^lm
Farashu	755	79.13^ef	13.18^mn	2.90^ghij	2.77^fg	6.48^ef	370.44^ef	18.27 ^k
Khankhara	758	77.27 ^g	17.50 ^cd	3.51 ^c	3.36 ^c	7.86^b	355.42^fg	22.96^ef
Pathisain	759	73.10 ^k	19.70^b	3.71^b	3.55^ab	8.31^a	191.13 ^n	26.57^d
Gauchar	790	83.01^a	13.96^jkl	2.16 ^m	2.09^ij	4.89^hi	370.51^ef	19.69^ijk
Rudraparyag	798	83.23^a	17.28^d	2.76 ^k	2.64 ^h	6.18 ^g	488.49^a	30.09 ^c
Karnaparyag	864	80.33 ^cd	16.22^ef	2.12 ^m	2.02 ^j	4.74^i	454.60^bc	31.03 ^c
Augastmuni	872	81.40^b	13.08 ^n	2.92^ghi	2.79 ^f	6.54^ef	495.21^a	21.06^ghi
Khola	919	75.13 ^j	15.00^gh	3.78^a	3.61^a	8.46^a	296.77 ^k	45.30^a
Pabau	1035	75.54^ij	14.64^hi	3.20^de	3.07^d	7.20 ^c	222.96 ^m	21.37^fgh
Chamoli	1062	81.53^b	15.08^gh	2.13 ^m	2.04 ^j	4.77^i	247.53 ^l	34.45^b
Hisriyakhal	1119	82.00^b	10.68°	3.11^ef	2.97^de	6.96 ^c	312.75 ^j	11.27°
Naugad	1171	78.86 ^f	13.56 ^lm	2.87^ijk	2.74^gh	6.33^fg	402.68^d	34.94^b
Bughani	1254	71.38 ^l	21.42^a	3.67^b	3.51^ab	8.22^a	289.68 ^k	35.75^b
Paukhal	1263	76.52 ^h	13.36^mn	2.31 ^l	2.20^i	5.16 ^h	335.82^hi	16.45 ^l
Jakheti	1320	79.98 ^cd	14.34^ij	2.84^ijk	2.72^gh	6.36^fg	259.00 ^l	18.44 ^k
Silkakhal	1426	83.08^a	11.06°	3.65^b	3.48^b	8.16^a	410.75^d	21.93^fg
Parsundakhal	1486	78.55 ^f	15.10 ^g	3.02^fg	2.88^ef	6.75^de	201.41 ^n	12.83^no
Maikoti	1540	81.43^b	14.26^ijk	2.78^jk	2.63 ^h	6.15 ^g	191.62 ^n	20.21^hij
Kholachauri	1552	80.66 ^c	13.10 ^n	1.43 ^n	1.37 ^k	3.21 ^j	469.86^b	25.77^d
Pauri	1563	77.46 ^g	16.12^ef	3.65^b	3.48^b	8.19^a	404.07^d	19.03^jk
Jakholi	1620	81.99^b	13.82^kl	3.06 ^f	2.92^e	6.84^d	442.16 ^c	18.21^k
	SD	3.59	2.31	0.63	0.60	1.41	95.52	8.62

Table 4a. Correlation coefficient between different physico-chemical characteristics and three geographical variables

Geographical attributes	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Altitude	−0.02^NS	0.01^NS	−0.01^NS	0.08^NS	0.06^NS	0.003^NS	−0.07^NS	−0.24^NS	−0.02^NS	0.11^NS	−0.24^NS	−0.02^NS	−0.03^NS	−0.02^NS	0.01^NS	0.01^NS
Latitude	−0.06^NS	0.14^NS	−0.03^NS	0.06^NS	0.14^NS	0.11^NS	0.04^NS	−0.17^NS	0.36^NS	0.55**	−0.35^NS	−0.39*	−0.38*	−0.39*	0.48*	−0.23^NS
Longitude	−0.36^NS	0.38*	0.14^NS	0.22^NS	0.34^NS	0.25^NS	0.06^NS	−0.56*	0.33^NS	0.32^NS	0.02^NS	−0.38*	−0.38*	−0.38*	0.21^NS	0.28^NS

*Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.01.

Abbreviation: 1. No of fruits/kg, 2. Fruit Weight, 3. Fruit Diameter, 4. Fruit Length, 5. Fruit Volume, 6. Pulp weight, 7. Pulp thickness, 8. pulp:stone ratio, 9. Specific gravity, 10. Moisture percent, 11. Total soluble solid, 12. Malic Acid, 13. Citric Acid, 14. Tartaric Acid, 15. Vitamin C, 16. Sugar content

Table 4b. Correlation coefficient between and among the various physico-chemical characteristics of Emblica officinalis.

-	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
2	−0.94**
3	−0.90**	0.89**
4	−0.83**	0.86**	0.84**
5	−0.88**	0.90**	0.90**	0.85**
6	−0.85**	0.87**	0.91**	0.87**	0.97**
7	−0.78**	0.76**	0.86**	0.72**	0.83**	0.89**
8	0.25	−0.26	−0.14	−0.09	−0.43*	−0.29	−0.14
9	−0.18	0.25	0.12	0.19	0.42*	0.45*	0.41*	−0.43*
10	−0.19	0.26	−0.02	0.19	0.23	0.19	0.13	−0.45*	0.49*
11	−0.06	−0.05	0.11	−0.13	0.05	0.07	0.03	0.06	0.00	−0.62*
12	−0.26	0.16	0.39*	0.12	0.08	0.08	0.17	0.18	−0.64*	−0.46*	0.27
13	−0.25	0.15	0.38*	0.11	0.08	0.07	0.17	0.18	−0.63*	−0.46*	0.27	0.99**
14	−0.26	0.15	0.39*	0.12	0.08	0.07	0.17	0.18	−0.64*	−0.47*	0.27	0.99**	0.99**
15	−0.03	0.10	−0.07	−0.06	0.04	−0.02	−0.07	−0.34	0.32	0.51*	−0.21	−0.27	−0.27	−0.27
16	−0.30	0.35	0.44*	0.34	0.45*	0.45*	0.33	−0.15	0.20	−0.38*	0.40*	0.12	0.11	0.12	0.01

*Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.01.

Abbreviation: 1. No of fruits/kg, 2. Fruit Weight, 3. Fruit Diameter, 4. Fruit Length, 5. Fruit Volume, 6. Pulp weight, 7. Pulp thickness, 8. pulp:stone ratio, 9. Specific gravity, 10. Moisture percent, 11. Total soluble solid, 12. Malic Acid, 13. Citric Acid, 14. Tartaric Acid, 15. Vitamin C, 16. Sugar content

Table 5. Analysis of variation for various physico-chemical characteristics among and within the population of E. officinalis.

Mean sum of squares of physico-chemical characters
Source of variation	DF	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Population	27	28.05**	42.77**	43.41**	21.54**	42.55**	61.96**	18.91**	21.99**	2.58**	34.96**	6.56.61**	82.37**	109.66**	104.99**	1305.44**	85.71**
Family	4	1.22	1.71	2.88*	1.97	2.34*	1.62	0.92	0.81	0.94	1.14	2.72*	0.62	2.32	3.25*	1.67	1.66

*Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P < 0.01.

Abbreviation: DF = Degrees of Freedom, 1. No of fruits/kg, 2. Fruit Weight, 3. Fruit Diameter, 4. Fruit Length, 5. Fruit Volume, 6. Pulp weight, 7. Pulp thickness, 8. pulp:stone ratio, 9. Specific gravity, 10. Moisture percent, 11. Total soluble solid, 12. Malic Acid, 13. Citric Acid, 14. Tartaric Acid, 15. Vitamin C, 16. Sugar content