Chemical Composition, Liquid and Vapor-phase Antifungal Activities of Essential Oil of Teucrium luteum subsp. flavovirens against Three Postharvest Phytopathogenic Fungi

Figures & data

Figure 1. T. luteum subsp. flavovirens in its native habitat in south-eastern of Morocco

Table 1. Composition of the EO of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens from Southeast of Morocco

N ^a	Compound	RI l^b	RI a^c	RI p^d	%^e
1	α-Pinene	936	931	1017	4.5
2	1-Octen-3-ol	962	959	1442	0.2
3	Sabinene	973	963	1113	0.4
4	β-Pinene	978	969	1105	6.9
5	Myrcene	987	978	1149	0.6
6	P-Cymene	1015	1008	1256	0.3
7	Cineole 1,8*	1024	1017	1202	0.1
8	Limonene*	1025	1017	1189	1.5
9	Linalol	1086	1077	1544	1.4
10	α-Thujone	1089	1079	1411	0.5
11	1-Octen-3-yl-acetate	1093	1085	1369	0.2
12	β-Thujone	1103	1090	1430	0.1
13	α-Campholenal	1105	1097	1479	0.1
14	Nopinone	-	1101	1565	0.1
15	Camphre	1123	1113	1504	0.8
16	trans-Pinocarveol	1126	1116	1634	0.9
17	cis-Verbenol	1132	1121	1666	0.8
18	Menthone	1136	1125	1453	0.3
19	Pinocarvone	1137	1131	1556	0.4
20	Borneol	1150	1142	1670	0.2
21	Terpinen-4-ol	1164	1154	1595	0.4
22	Myrtenal	1172	1162	1615	0.6
23	α-Terpineol	1176	1165	1688	0.4
24	Myrtenol	1178	1172	1777	0.4
25	Verbenone	1183	1173	1670	0.3
26	trans-Carveol	1200	1191	1818	0.5
27	Carvone	1214	1209	1710	0.8
28	Carvotanacetone	1220	1214	1658	1.4
29	Geraniol	1235	1228	1832	0.2
30	Chrysanthenyl acetate	-	1236	1565	0.4
31	Bornyl acetate	1270	1262	1573	0.2
32	Carvacrol	1278	1275	2180	2.1
33	Myrtenyl acetate	1313	1300	1662	0.1
34	α-Terpinyl acetate	1335	1327	1688	0.4
35	α-Copaene	1379	1370	1484	0.4
36	β-Bourbonene	1386	1378	1511	0.2
37	β-Elemene	1389	1383	1584	0.5
38	trans-Caryophyllene	1421	1413	1589	2.7
39	δ-Elemene	1429	1424	1630	0.5
40	α-Humulene	1455	1446	1645	1.9
41	Dehydrosesquicineol	1466	1455	1708	0.5
42	Germacrene D	1479	1472	1697	1.8
43	β-Selinene	1486	1478	1705	0.8
44	cis-β-Guaiene	1488	1482	1762	0.4
45	Epicubebol	1490	1484	1870	0.9
46	Bicyclogermacrene	1494	1487	1718	1.1
47	Cubebol	-	1503	1920	1.1
48	7-epi a-Selinene	1519	1509	1678	1.6
49	δ-Cadinene	1526	1511	1744	0.9
50	Elemol	1541	1533	2058	5.0
51	E-Nerolidol	1553	1552	2027	31.0
52	Caryophyllene oxyde	1578	1567	1957	1.6
53	epoxyde Humulene II	1602	1592	2010	0.9
54	Epicubenol	1623	1612	2030	0.4
55	γ-Eudesmol	1618	1616	2189	1.1
56	τ-Cadinol*	1633	1624	2141	1.1
57	τ-Muurolol*	1633	1624	2158	0.6
58	β-Eudesmol	1641	1633	2190	1.4
59	Valerianol*	1647	1637	2184	0.1
60	α-Eudesmol*	1653	1637	2197	1.8
61	Bulnesol	1665	1640	2170	0.3
62	α-Bisabolol	1673	1650	2184	0.5
63	α-Cyperone	1741	1723	2307	0.3
TOTAL					89.9

^aOrder of elution are given on apolar column (Rtx-1).

^bRI l= retention indices on the apolar column (Rtx-1) of literature.

^cRI a= retention indices on the apolar column (Rtx-1).

^dRI p= retention indices on the polar column (Rtx-Wax).

^eRelative percentages of components (%) are calculated on GC peak areas on the apolar column (Rtx-1) except for components with identical RI a (* concentration are given on the polar column).

Figure 2. Chromatographic profile on apolar column (a) and polar column (b) of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO

Figure 3. Structures of the most abundant compounds identified in. T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO

Table 2. Mycelial radial growth inhibition of Alternaria sp., P. expansum and R. stolonifer at various concentrations of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO in liquid and vapor-phase

Phase testing	Strain	Alternaria sp.,	P. expansum	R. stolonifer
	Incubation time
	Concentration (µL/mL)	7 days 25 ± 2°C	7 days 25 ± 2°C	3 days 25 ± 2°C
Liquid	2	86.24 ± 0.17^A. 1	83.80 ± 1.27^A. 1	71.22 ± 2.39^A. 2
	1	72.39 ± 1.19^B. 1	70.71 ± 1.59^B. 1	42.44 ± 1.21^B. 2
	0.5	55.60 ± 2.10 ^C. 1	54.86 ± 1.22 ^C. 1	13.83 ± 1.16 ^C. 2
	0.25	46.43 ± 0.86^D. 1	44.85 ± 1.47^D. 1	1.17 ± 1.72^D. 2
	0.125	33.11 ± 1.51^E. 1	32.78 ± 0.86^E. 1	0.00 ± 0.00^E. 2
Vapor	2	100.00 ± 0.00^A. 1	87.11 ± 1.77^A. 2	81.79 ± 1.29^A. 3
	1	83.39 ± 1.17^B. 1	76.63 ± 1.66^B. 2	75.47 ± 1.35^B. 2
	0.5	66.74 ± 1.59 ^C. 1	64.51 ± 1.07 ^C. 1	60.11 ± 1.12 ^C. 2
	0.25	54.27 ± 1.11^D. 1	53.13 ± 3.52^D. 1	40.41 ± 1.25^D. 2
	0.125	38.20 ± 1.38^E. 1	33.24 ± 1.31^E. 2	25.57 ± 1.36^E. 2

Mean values (n = 3) standard deviation followed by different letters and numbers in each row (column and line) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by least significant difference test (LSD).

Figure 4. Effect of the concentrations of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO in liquid phase on the mycelial radial growth of fungal isolates tested

Figure 5. Effect of the concentrations of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO in vapor phase on the mycelial radial growth of fungal isolates tested

Figure 6. Effects of different concentrations of S T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO in vapor phase on the spore production of the three fungal strains

Mean values (n = 3) standard deviation followed by different letters indicate significant differences (p < .05) by least significant difference test (LSD).

Figure 7. Effects of different concentrations of T. luteum subsp. flavovirens EO in liquid phase on the spore production of the three fungal strains

Mean values (n = 3) standard deviation followed by different letters indicate significant differences (p < .05) by least significant difference test (LSD).