Does socioeconomic status affect fruit and vegetable intake? Evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of the RaNCD Cohort

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of RaNCD cohort participants in terms of their F&V intake

Variables		Total	F&V consumption		p-value
			Insufficient Less than 400gr/day	Sufficient more than 400gr/day
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Total		9981(100)	4407(44.15)	5574(55.85)
Sex	Male	4741(47.5)	1805(38.1)	2936(61.9)	<0.001
	Female	5240(52.5)	2602(49.7)	2636(50.4)
Age groups (years)	35–45	4402(44.1)	1848	2554(58)	<0.001
	46–55	3318(33.2)	1441(43.4)	1877(56.6)
	56–65	2261(22.7)	1118(49.4)	1143(50.6)
marital status	married	9014(90.3)	3876	5138(57)	<0.001
	single	414(4.1)	248(59.9)	166(40.1)
	Widow/divorce	553(5.6)	283(51.2)	270(48.8)
education	illiterate	2450(24.5)	1373(56)	1077(44.0)	<0.001
	1–5	3816(38.2)	1752(45.9)	2064(54.1)
	6–9	1668(16.7)	625(37.5)	1043(62.5)
	10–12 y	1264(12.7)	425(33.6)	839(66.4)
	≥13 y	783(7.9)	232(29.6)	551(70.7)
place of residence	urban	5935(59. 5)	1825(30.7)	4110(69.3)	<0.001
	rural	4,046 (40.5)	2582(63.8)	1464(36.2)
smoking status	never smoked	7966(80)	3575(44.8)	4391(55.2)	0.01
	current smoker	1170(11.7)	498(42.6)	672(57.4)
	former smoker	821(8.3)	327(39.8)	494(60.2)
alcohol use	No	9349(93.7)	4187(44.8)	5162(55.2)	<0.001
	Yes	632(6.3)	220(34.8)	412(65.2)
physical activity	Low physical activity	2759(27.7)	1207(43.7)	1552(56.3)	0.3
	moderate	5129(51.4)	2300(44.8)	2829(55.2)
	high	2091(20.9)	900	1191(56)
BMI	18.5≥	166(1.7)	101(61.8)	65(38.2)	<0.001
	18.6 − 24.9	2717(27.4)	1344(49.5)	1386(50.5)
	25–29.9	4321(43.6)	1850(42.8)	2478(57.2)
	30–34.9	2121(21.4)	845(39.8)	1282(60.2)
	≤35	577(5.9)	239(41.4)	339(58.6)
Family size (Person)	1–3	2701(27.2)	1210(44.8)	1491(55.2)	<0.001
	4–6	6784(67.9)	2924(43.1)	3860(56.9)
	>6	496(4.9)	273(55.1)	223(44.9)
Socioeconomic status	poorest	1998	1146(57.3)	852(42.7)	<0.001
	poor	1994	974(48.8)	1020(51.2)
	middle	1994	920(46.2)	1074(53.8)
	rich	2001	764(38.2)	1237(61.8)
	richest	1994	603(30.2)	1391(69.8)

Figure 1. means of variables by F&V intake

Figure 2. concentration curve for F&V intake

Table 2. The decomposition analysis of F&V intake inequality

Variable		Marginal effects (95%CI)	Proportion(mean)	Elasticity	Concentration index	contribution	%contribution	Σ%Contribution
Sex Ref = male	Female	−.06(−0.89, −0.04)	0.52	−0.0061	−0.1305	0.008	4.47	4.47
Age groups (years) Ref = 35–45	46–55	−.008(−0.03, 0.01)	0.33	−0.0046	0.0122	−0.001	−0.03	0.23
	56–65	−.007(−0.04, 0.02)	0.23	−0.0028	−0.1669	0.0005	0.27
marital status Ref = married	Single	−0.03(−0.08, 0.01)	0.04	−0.0026	−0.1422	0.0004	0.21	−0.15
	widowhood	0.02(−0.02, 0.06)	0.06	0.0019	−0.3327	−0.0006	−0.36
education Ref = illiterate	1–5 y	0.04 (0.01, 0.06)	0.38	0.025	−0.0926	−0.0023	−1.32	7.24
	6–9 y	0.08(0.04, 0.11)	0.16	0.227	0.1685	0.0038	2.14
	10–12 y	0.09(0.05, 0.13)	0.13	0.0.205	0.3299	0.0067	3.79
	≥13 y	0.05(−0.01, 0.1)	0.08	0.0067	0.7049	0.0047	2.64
Place of residence Ref = urban	Rural	−0.30(−0.32, −0.28)	0.41	−0.218	−0.2211	0.0482	27.03	27.03
smoking Ref = no smoke	current	0.01(−0.03, 0.03)	0.12	0.0001	0.0172	0.0001	−0.01	0.03
	former	0.03(−0.01, 0.06)	0.08	0.0041	0.0145	0.0001	0.03
alcohol use Ref = no	Yes	0.03(−0.01, 0.07)	0.06	0.0038	0.2366	0.0009	0.51	0.51
physical activity Ref = inactive	Middle	0.05(0.03, 0.07)	0.51	0.0462	−0.0231	−0.0010	−0.6	−3.42
	Active	0.09(0.07, 0.12)	0.21	0.0359	−0.1402	0.0050	−2.82
BMI Ref = <18.9	19–24.9	0.06(−0.02, 0.13)	0.27	0.028	−0.0819	−0.0022	−1.29	1.51
	25–29.9	0.09(0.02, 0.17)	0.43	0.0745	0.0443	0.0023	1.85
	30–34.9	0.13(0.06, 0.2)	0.21	0.0498	0.045	0.0022	1.25
	>35	0.14(0.05, 0.22)	0.06	0.0143	−0.0386	−0.0005	−0.31
Family size Ref = 1–3	4–6	−0.01(−0.02, 0.02)	0.67	−0.0025	0.0465	−0.0001	−0.07	0.14
	>6	−0.05(−0.09, −0.003)	0.05	−0.0043	−0.0843	0.0004	0.21
economic status Ref = poorest	Poor	0.05(0.02, 0.08)	0.2	0.017	−0.3996	−0.0068	−3.81	20.81
	Middle	0.05(0.02, 0.08)	0.2	0.018	−0.0003	−0.0001	−0.003
	Rich	0.09(0.06, 0.12)	0.2	0.0322	0.4001	0.0129	7.23
	Richest	0.11(0.07, 0.14)	0.2	0.0378	0.8013	0.0310	17.38
Total explained						0.1041		58.4
Residual(unexplained)						0.0742		41.6
Total						0.1783		100

Figure 3. concentration index by place and age group and gender