Sonication and Microwave Processing of Phalsa Drink: A Synergistic Approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Formulation of phalsa drink

Ingredients	Quantity
Phalsa fruit	100 g
Water	500 mL
Sugar	80 g
CMC	2 g
Citric acid	1 g
KMS	0.1%

Table 2. Treatment plan of phalsa drink

Treatment	Quantity
T0-	No preservative
T0+	0.05% KMS
T1	2 min sonication + 2 min microwave
T2	4 min sonication + 2 min microwave
T3	6 min sonication + 2 min microwave
T4	8 min sonication + 2 min microwave
T5	10 min sonication + 2 min microwave

Table 3. The mean pH values ± SD of phalsa drink during storage

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	3.70 ± 0.015b	3.67 ± 0.005b	-	-	-	3.68 ± 0.03a
T0+	3.70 ± 0.015b	3.68 ± 0.005b	3.50 ± 0.02gh	3.43 ± 0.005ij	3.81 ± 0.01a	3.63 ± 0.14a
T1	3.62 ± 0.02 c	3.68 ± 0.005b	3.52 ± 0.02fg	3.50 ± 0.005fg	3.79 ± 0.015a	3.62 ± 0.11a
T2	3.51 ± 0.015fg	3.51 ± 0.01fg	3.41 ± 0.015jk	3.30 ± 0.005mn	3.52 ± 0.005fg	3.45 ± 0.08 c
T3	3.52 ± 0.01fg	3.50 ± 0.005fg	3.35 ± 0.01 l	3.32 ± 0.005l-n	3.51 ± 0.005fg	3.44 ± 0.09 c
T4	3.46 ± 0.005hi	3.43 ± 0.01 j	3.29 ± 0.015 n	3.25 ± 0.0o	3.42 ± 0.005 j	3.37 ± 0.08d
T5	3.56 ± 0.015de	3.52 ± 0.005fg	3.42 ± 0.015 j	3.33 ± 0.005 lm	3.57 ± 0.005d	3.49 ± 0.15b
Mean	3.58 ± 0.09b	3.57 ± 0.10 c	3.41 ± 0.07d	3.39 ± 0.10e	3.64 ± 0.16a

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 4. TSS (values ± SD) of phalsa drink during storage

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	17.94 ± 0.1bc	17.34 ± 0.25 j	-	-	-	16.96 ± 0.74 g
T0+	17.95 ± 0.01bc	17.95 ± 0.05ab	17.95 ± 0.02bc	17.95 ± 0.05ab	17.84 ± 0.01d	17.93 ± 0.42a
T1	18.00 ± 0.02a	17.45 ± 0.05i	17.17 ± 0.02k	16.91 ± 0.05n	16.35 ± 0.01p	17.18 ± 1.36 f
T2	18.00 ± 0.01a	17.70 ± 0.01 f	17.29 ± 0.01 j	17.00 ± 0.05 m	16.65 ± 0.05o	17.33 ± 0.71e
T3	17.97 ± 0.1ab	17.85 ± 0.05d	17.50 ± 0.15 h	17.32 ± 0.05j	17.11 ± 0.0 l	17.55 ± 0.77d
T4	17.97 ± 0.05ab	17.84 ± 0.01d	17.65 ± 0.01 g	17.54 ± 0.0 h	17.40 ± 0.05i	17.68 ± 0.68 c
T5	17.97 ± 0.1ab	17.90 ± 0.1c	17.78 ± 0.2e	17.70 ± 0.1f	17.63 ± 0.05 g	17.80 ± 0.47b
Mean	17.97 ± 1.02a	17.72 ± 1.07b	17.48 ± 0.99 c	17.30 ± 0.59d	16.99 ± 1.04e

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 5. The means values ± SD for Titratable acidity (%) of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	0.08 ± 0.01 c-g	0.13 ± 0.02a	-	-	-	0.08 ± 0.037a
T0+	0.07 ± 0.003 c-i	0.08 ± 0.02 c-g	0.08 ± 0.006 c-f	0.04 ± 0.006k-n	0.04 ± 0.003mn	0.06 ± 0.021bc
T1	0.10 ± 0.006bc	0.07 ± 0.003e-k	0.05 ± 0.003 h-n	0.05 ± 0.003 h-n	0.04 ± 0.006 l-n	0.06 ± 0.020bc
T2	0.08 ± 0.006 c-h	0.08 ± 0.01 c-e	0.07 ± 0.003e-k	0.04 ± 0.003mn	0.04 ± 0.003mn	0.06 ± 0.022 c
T3	0.10 ± 0.006 c-e	0.12 ± 0.01ab	0.07 ± 0.010e-k	0.06 ± 0.003 f-l	0.05 ± 0.003 j-n	0.08 ± 0.026a
T4	0.07 ± 0.006d-j	0.08 ± 0.003 c-g	0.07 ± 0.003e-k	0.06 ± 0.006 g-m	0.05 ± 0.003 j-n	0.07 ± 0.012bc
T5	0.08 ± 0.003 c-g	0.09 ± 0.01 c-e	0.07 ± 0.003 c-i	0.06 ± 0.006 g-m	0.05 ± 0.006i-n	0.07 ± 0.015ab
Mean	0.08 ± 0.01b	0.09 ± 0.02a	0.07 ± 0.012 c	0.052 ± 0.01d	0.04 ± 0.01e

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 6. The means values ± SD for ascorbic acid (mg/100 mL) of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	395.50 ± 20.1ab	352 ± 31.85 c-g	-	-	-	373.5 ± 32.97a
T0+	404.50 ± 15.46ab	374 ± 26.67a-e	341.50 ± 25.13d-g	341.50 ± 14.93d-g	281.50 ± 27.51jk	348.6 ± 25.94bc
T1	345.50 ± 30.30 c-g	384.50 ± 17.15a-c	334.50 ± 37.64e-h	334.50 ± 27.02e-h	328.50 ± 44.04f-h	345.5 ± 35.83 c
T2	399.50 ± 24.71ab	372 ± 22.21a-e	367 ± 13.21b-f	367 ± 26.03b-f	285.50 ± 37.64i-k	358.2 ± 34.76bc
T3	393.50 ± 41.17ab	372 ± 14.71a-e	369 ± 27.51b-f	369 ± 15.03b-f	296 ± 27.94 h-j	360.0 ± 15.87b
T4	411 ± 25.36a	379 ± 35.20a-d	378.50 ± 26.00a-d	378.50 ± 25.51a-d	322.50 ± 15.69 g-i	374.0 ± 51.55a
T5	395.50 ± 25.36ab	376.50 ± 12.21a-d	351 ± 16.03 c-g	351.50 ± 24.16c-g	295 ± 14.73 h-j	354.0 ± 24.50bc
Mean	392.14 ± 14.60a	372.86 ± 22.84b	350.86 ± 25.80 c	350.86 ± 34.88 c	294.71 ± 25.72d

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 7. The means values ± SD for total phenolic contents (mg/100 mL) of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	108.33 ± 13.05 f-i	93.50 ± 8.05 g-k	-	-	-	101.0 ± 7.05 c
T0+	205.00 ± 12.0a	162.67 ± 9.51a-c	121.13 ± 8.01e-g	111.47 ± 2.50 f-h	89.47 ± 5.50 g-k	137.95 ± 12.30a
T1	129.00 ± 10.0d-f	106.13 ± 7.01 f-i	102.33 ± 7.51f-j	65.33 ± 4.40kl	49.13 ± 2.10 l	90.39 ± 9.20 c
T2	179.13 ± 12.01a-c	153.33 ± 11.60 c-e	112.33 ± 11.65 f-h	71.67 ± 8.13 j-l	69.67 ± 3.81 j-l	117.23 ± 6.04b
T3	180.67 ± 14.40a-c	180.33 ± 21.70a-c	121.33 ± 9.60e-g	86.00 ± 3.35 h-k	71.0 ± 5.72 j-l	127.87 ± 11.55ab
T4	174.33 ± 13.51a-c	190.67 ± 10.10ab	89.33 ± 5.04 g-k	89.33 ± 8.51g-k	76.00 ± 6.23i-l	132.20 ± 10.67a
T5	189.0 ± 23.0ab	150.33 ± 13.05 c-e	120.33 ± 12.35e-g	72.00 ± 6.23 j-l	70.67 ± 2.33 j-l	120.4 ± 8.12b
Mean	166.50 ± 22.56a	148.14 ± 12.43b	113.88 ± 9.19 c	81.92 ± 11.99d	69.85 ± 4.52e

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 8. The mean values ± SD for flavonoids contents (mg/100 mL) of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	553.63 ± 12.10i	546.20 ± 22.51 j	-	-	-	408.4.9 ± 13.30 g
T0+	667.37 ± 21.5b	567.07 ± 32.5 h	554.77 ± 23.5i	416.03 ± 12.5l	229.27 ± 15.5q	486.90 ± 23.30a
T1	635.20 ± 33.0d	556.90 ± 23.0i	553.23 ± 17.51i	231.50 ± 15.0q	209.77 ± 12.51 r	437.32 ± 18.80e
T2	655.40 ± 31.0c	567.10 ± 14.0 h	556.90 ± 23.0i	262.53 ± 31.05 n	213.73 ± 23.51 r	451.13 ± 21.90d
T3	659.53 ± 22.51 c	575.20 ± 27.51 fg	571.93 ± 33.51 gh	269.63 ± 19.51 m	256.67 ± 21.51op	466.59 ± 31.51 c
T4	696.30 ± 42.51a	582.73 ± 32.51e	579.27 ± 24.51ef	273.97 ± 12.08 m	262.07 ± 17.51no	478.87 ± 33.42b
T5	578.40 ± 27.0ef	575.23 ± 11.51 fg	543.30 ± 32.0jk	256.00 ± 21.0p	186.93 ± 11.51s	427.97 ± 42.20 f
Mean	635.12 ± 42.37a	567.20 ± 32.64b	557.03 ± 19.50 c	277.20 ± 31.52d	218.64 ± 13.09e

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 9. The mean values±SD for the effect of treatments on anthocyanin (mg/100 mL) contents of phalsa drink during storage

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	74.3 ± 2.1b-h	71.055 ± 3.05d-h	-	-	-	72.7 ± 2.6d
T0+	75.6 ± 3.4b-h	72.9 ± 3.1d-h	73.6 ± 2.8 c-h	71.9 ± 2.7d-h	69.6 ± 2.7gh	72.5 ± 2.9d
T1	75.9 ± 2.1a-h	75.5 ± 3.1b-h	74.0 ± 3.0b-h	72.2 ± 3.1d-h	71.2 ± 3.3f-h	73.4 ± 2.9 cd
T2	78.6 ± 3.2a-g	75.5 ± 2.5b-h	75.6 ± 3.6b-h	73.6 ± 3.4c-h	72.0 ± 3.1d-h	74.9 ± 3.16 cd
T3	79.9 ± 3.0a-f	76.2 ± 3.0a-h	76.4 ± 2.7a-h	74.6 ± 3.4b-h	7bg2.0 ± 2.8d-h	75.8 ± 2.98bc
T4	85.08 ± 2.7a	82.9 ± 2.3a-c	80.9 ± 3.1a-e	76.0 ± 3.0a-h	74.4 ± 2.8b-h	79.8 ± 2.78a
T5	83.2 ± 3.1ab	81.3 ± 2.6a-d	79.2 ± 2.5a-f	75.12 ± 3.2b-h	73.2 ± 3.1d-h	78.4 ± 2.9ab
Mean	79.0 ± 2.8a	77.05 ± 2.8ab	76.6 ± 2.9b	73.6 ± 3.1 c	71.01 ± 2.9d

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 10. The mean values ± SD for total antioxidant activity (µg/g AAE) of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	498.33 ± 22.081 mn	466.75 ± 12.51 n-p	-	-	-	482.54 ± 32.29 f
T0+	642.67 ± 12.51de	638.00 ± 23.01d-f	578.00 ± 18.0 h-j	509.33 ± 42.51 lm	494.33 ± 12.51 m-o	572.47 ± 28.70 c
T1	557.33 ± 27.56jk	535.33 ± 32.51kl	506.33 ± 15.51 lm	471.33 ± 21.51 n-p	460.67 ± 23.51op	506.20 ± 21.51e
T2	617.67 ± 32.51e-g	580 ± 13.2h-j	604.00 ± 13.05 f-h	510.33 ± 35.51 lm	506.67 ± 13.51 lm	563.73 ± 34.15 cd
T3	698.33 ± 34.01b	698.33 ± 35.511b	607.33 ± 24.0 f-h	540.00 ± 34.51kl	510.33 ± 9.6 lm	603.33 ± 43.72b
T4	741.0 ± 33.09a	685.33 ± 24.51bc	624.33 ± 22.51e-g	565.67 ± 11.53i-k	514.33 ± 26.51 lm	626.13 ± 22.41a
T5	597.33 ± 13.05 g-i	591.67 ± 11.51 g-j	560.67 ± 32.05 jk	520.00 ± 13.05 lm	497.33 ± 17.51 mn	553.40 ± 29.83 f
Mean	621.81 ± 42.80a	593.96 ± 29.82b	561.74 ± 33.05 c	509.24 ± 25.85d-m	489.29 ± 32.86e

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 11. The mean values ± SD for reducing power (µg/g AAE) of phalsa drink

	Storage (days)
Treatment	0	30	60	90	120	Mean
T0-	1091.0 ± 33.0ab	861.0 ± 23.0b	-	-	-	976.0 ± 23.0c
T0+	1292.3 ± 43.51a	1284.7 ± 44.04a	1244.7 ± 32.05a	1259.0 ± 41.0a	1252.3 ± 19.53a	1272.6 ± 31.42a
T1	1180.3 ± 52.64a	1180.3 ± 23.05a	1118.7 ± 37.51ab	1095.0 ± 32.0ab	1085.3 ± 37.51ab	1146.0 ± 44.14b
T2	1245.7 ± 31.51a	1235.3 ± 33.21a	1206.7 ± 43.05a	1198.3 ± 39.51a	1175.7 ± 33.51ab	1214.3 ± 49.35b
T3	1258.0 ± 41.0a	1240.3 ± 36.51a	1214.0 ± 41.0a	1202.3 ± 43.51a	1181.0 ± 23.60a	1221.1 ± 38.72b
T4	1284.0 ± 34.0a	1281.3 ± 40.04a	1261.7 ± 47.51a	1254.3 ± 26.05a	1240.0 ± 24.0a	1264.3 ± 53.72a
T5	1221.3 ± 44.04a	1184.3 ± 21.51a	1161.3 ± 49.51a	1163.7 ± 29.51ab	1144.0 ± 36.0ab	1183.1 ± 41.11ab
Mean	1233.3 ± 33.52a	1183.6 ± 43.29a	1201.2 ± 45.43a	1174.7 ± 51.02a	1154.8 ± 38.19a

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 12. The mean values ± SD for DPPH radical scavenging activity of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	1103.0 ± 30.05 g	1008.5 ± 43.05 no	-	-	-	1055.5 ± 37.05e
T0+	1322.5 ± 22.07a	1285.5 ± 46.51d	1030.5 ± 33.0 l-n	1038.5 ± 13.0kl	951.5 ± 22.51s	1125.7 ± 12.15b
T1	1253.5 ± 32.51e	1022.0 ± 18.64no	938.5 ± 39.51 t	909.0 ± 24.04 u	892.0 ± 34.51 v	1003.0 ± 31.24 g
T2	1288.0 ± 19.05d	1146.5 ± 25.51 g	1035.5 ± 24.04k-m	1006.5 ± 15.60pq	965.5 ± 14.04 r	1088.4 ± 23.13e
T3	1304.5 ± 27.51bc	1175.5 ± 61.51 f	1058.5 ± 43.60 j	1023.5 ± 33.60 m-o	999.5 ± 33.51q	1112.3 ± 36.34 c
T4	1309.0 ± 19.73b	1281.0 ± 46.51d	1104.0 ± 51.51i	1043.0 ± 14.04k	1006.5 ± 11.0pq	1148.7 ± 29.95a
T5	1310.0 ± 44.08b	1164.0 ± 33.0 f	1040.5 ± 17.60kl	1029.5 ± 41.04 l-n	940.5 ± 16.07st	1096.9 ± 43.14d
Mean	1297.2 ± 52.26a	1170.4 ± 47.81b	1031.6 ± 43.54 c	1007.8 ± 35.72d	950.1 ± 29.26e

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different

Table 13. The mean values ± SD for effect of treatment on total plate count (log₁₀cfu/mL) of phalsa drink

Treatment	Storage (days)					Mean
	0	30	60	90	120
T0-	1.96 ± 0.04 g-i	2.16 ± 0.03de	-	-	-	2.06 ± 0.03 c
T0+	1.51 ± 0.02s	1.59 ± 0.03q-s	1.64 ± 0.02 p-r	1.77 ± 0.05 m-o	1.82 ± 0.02 j-m	1.67 ± 0.02 g
T1	1.81 ± 0.03 j-n	1.87 ± 0.04i-l	1.99 ± 0.02 f-h	2.08 ± 0.02ef	2.25 ± 0.04 cd	2.00 ± 0.02b
T2	1.71 ± 0.03 n-p	1.89 ± 0.02 h-k	1.95 ± 0.03 g-i	2.04 ± 0.04fg	2.18 ± 0.03d	1.96 ± 0.01 c
T3	1.64 ± 0.04p-r	1.78 ± 0.02 l-n	1.88 ± 0.03i-k	2.01 ± 0.04 fg	2.17 ± 0.01de	1.90 ± 0.05d
T4	1.60 ± 0.03q-s	1.80 ± 0.05k-n	1.90 ± 0.02 h-k	1.95 ± 0.04 g-i	2.04 ± 0.03 fg	1.86 ± 0.04e
T5	1.55 ± 0.02rs	1.61 ± 0.04qr	1.67 ± 0.02o-q	1.76 ± 0.02 m-o	1.90 ± 0.02 h-j	1.70 ± 0.03 f
Mean	1.68 ± 0.04e	1.82 ± 0.04d	1.90 ± 0.02 c	2.01 ± 0.02b	2.13 ± 0.02a

*Means that do not share a letter are significantly different