E-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI): a review of international case reports from outside the United States of America

Figures & data

Table 1. EVALI patient characteristics and exposure history across non-US EVALI cases and the three US-based case series.

	Non-US cases n = 17	Utah [4] n = 60	Illinois & Wisconsin [5] n = 53	Rochester New York [6] n = 12^A
Median age, years (IQR) or [Range]	31 (19–47) [16–62]	27 (22–36)	19 [16–53]	27 (21–35)
Male sex	13 (76%)	48 (80%)	44 (83%)	7 (58%)
E-nicotine/flavoured use	17 (100%)	40 (67%)	25/41 (61%)	7 (58%)
E-cannabinoid use	4 (24%)	47 (78%)	33/41 (80%)	11 (92%)
E-nicotine/flavoured and e-cannabinoid	4 (24%)	29 (48%)	18/41 (44%)	6 (50%)
Exclusive e-nicotine use	13^B (76%)	10 (17%)	7/41 (17%)	1 (8%)

^ACase series involved hospital admissions only.

^BExclusive E-nicotine/flavoured use for the non-US cases.

Table 2. Patient symptomatology across non-US EVALI cases and the three US-based case series.

	Non-US cases n = 17	Utah [4] n = 60	Illinois & Wisconsin [5] n = 53	Rochester New York [6] n = 12^A
Shortness of breath	13 (76%)	51 (85%)	46 (87%)	10/11 (91%)
Cough	10 (59%)	47 (78%)	44 (83%)	9/11 (82%)
Fever (subjective)	8 (47%)	46 (78%)	43 (81%)	10 (83%)
Haemoptysis	5 (29%)	7 (12%)	6 (11%)	1 (9%)
Night sweats/sweats	3 (18%)	–	–	5 (42%)
Weight loss	3 (18%)	7 (12%)	14 (26%)	–
Fatigue^B	3 (18%)	29 (48%)	24 (45%)	9 (75%)
Coryza^C	1 (6%)	–	–	3 (25%)
Chest tightness^D	1 (6%)	26 (43%)	29 (55%)	6/11 (55%)
Abdominal pain	1 (6%)	28 (47%)	23 (43%)	3 /11 (27%)
Headache	1 (6%)	11 (18%)	21 (40%)	3 (25%)
Myalgia	1 (6%)	–	–	2 (17%)
Nausea	1 (6%)	45 (75%)	37 (70%)	7 (64%)
Decreased appetite	1 (6%)	–	–	–

^ACase series involved hospital admissions only.

^BFatigue/lethargy/malaise.

^CCoryza/rhinorrhoea/nasal congestion.

^DChest tightness/chest pain.

Table 3. Clinical course and management of international EVALI cases and the three US based case series.

	Non-US cases n = 17	Utah [4] n = 60	Illinois and Wisconsin [5] n = 53	Rochester New York [6] n = 12
Hypoxaemia (SaO2 < 95% on air)	13 (76%)	50/58 (86%)	36/52 (69%)	9 (75%)^A
Hospital admission	14/16 (88%)	54 (90%)	50 (94%)	12 (100%)^B
Intensive care admission	4 (24%)	33 (55%)	31 (58%)	8 (67%)
Non-invasive ventilation	1 (6%)	17 (28%)	19 (36%)	1 (8%)^C
Mechanical ventilation	3 (18%)	10 (17%)	17 (32%)	1 (8%)
ECMO	3 (18%)	–	2 (4%)	–
Bronchoscopy	14 (82%)	19 (32%)	24 (45%)^D	4 (33%)
Corticosteroids	13 (76%)	57 (95%)	46/50 (92%)	8 (67%)
Length of stay, admitted patients median days (IQR) or [range]	15 (12–32·5)[7–47]	5 (3–8)	6 [1–25]	7 (7–8)
Death	1 (6%)	2 (3%)	1 (2%)	0 (0%)

^AHypoxaemia defined as <94%.

^BCase series involved hospital admissions only.

^CBiPAP only.

^DBronchoalveolar lavage only.

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