A Review of Heat Transfer Physics

Abstract

With rising science contents of the engineering research and education, we give examples of the quest for fundamental understanding of heat transfer at the atomic level. These include transport as well as interactions (energy conversion) involving phonon, electron, fluid particle, and photon (or electromagnetic wave). Examples are

1. development of MD and DSMC fluid simulations as tools in nanoscale and microscale thermophysical engineering.

2. nanoscale thermal radiation, where the characteristic structural size becomes comparable to or smaller than the radiation (electromagnetic) wavelength.

3. laser-based nanoprocessing, where the surface topography, texture, etc., are modified with nanometer lateral feature definition using pulsed laser beams and confining optical energy by coupling to near-field scanning optical microscopes.

4. photon-electron-phonon couplings in laser cooling of solids, where the thermal vibrational energy (phonon) is removed by the anti-Stokes fluorescence; i.e., the photons emitted by an optical material have a mean energy higher than that of the absorbed photons.

5. exploring the limits of thermal transport in nanostructured materials using spectrally dependent phonon scattering and vibrational spectra mismatching, to impede a particular phonon bands.

These examples suggest that the atomic-level heat transfer builds on and expands electromagnetism (EM), atomic-molecular-optical physics, and condensed-matter physics. The theoretical treatments include ab initio calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, Boltzmann transport theory, and near-field EM thermal emission prediction. Experimental methods include near-field microscopy.

Heat transfer physics describes the kinetics of storage, transport, and transformation of microscale energy carriers (phonon, electron, fluid particle, and photon). Sensible heat is stored in the thermal motion of atoms in various phases of matter. The atomic energy states and their populations are described by the classical and the quantum statistical mechanics (partition function and combinatoric energy distribution probabilities). Transport of thermal energy by the microscale carriers is based on their particle, quasi-particle, and wave descriptions; their diffusion, flow, and propagation; and their scattering and transformation encountered as they travel. The mechanisms of energy transitions among these energy carriers, and their rates (kinetics), are governed by the match of their energies, their interaction probabilities, and the various hindering-mechanism rate (kinetics) limits. Conservation of energy describes the interplay among energy storage, transport, and conversion, from the atomic to the continuum scales.

With advances in micro- and nanotechnology, heat transfer engineering of micro- and nanostructured systems has offered new opportunities for research and education. New journals, including Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, have allowed communication of new specific/general as well directly useful/educational ideas on heat transfer physics. In an effort to give a more collective perspective of such contribution, here we put together a collection on small-scale heat transfer involving phonon, electron, fluid particle, and photon. These are

1. Development of MD and DSMC fluid simulations as tools in nanoscale and microscale thermophysical engineering (Carey)

2. Nanoscale thermal radiation (Chen)

3. Laser-based nanoprocessing (Grigoropoulos)

4. Photon-electron-phonon couplings in laser cooling of solids (Kaviany)

5. Exploring the limits of thermal transport in nanostructured materials (Majumdar).

KEY WORDS:

• phonon
• electron
• fluid particle
• photon
• heat transfer physics
• nano-and micro heat transfer
• laser-base nano-processing
• laser cooling of solids
• nanoscale thermal radiation
• molecular dynamics
• thermophysical engineering
• thermal transport

V.P.C. gratefully acknowledges the support for research in this area under NSF Grant No. CTS-0456982. G.C. acknowledges contributions from A. Narayanswamy, L. Hu, and Z. Chen and financial support of DOE (DE-FG02-99ER45747) and ONR (N00014-03-1-0835) and ONR MURI on Electromagnetic Metamaterials. C.P.G.'s review is based on work by David J. Hwang and Anant Chimmalgi at the Laser Thermal Laboratory. Financial support by the National Science Foundation under the SINAM NSEC, by DOE, Army and Applied Spectra is gratefully acknowledged. The review by M.K. is based on the Ph.D. research of Mr. Xiulin Ruan and his assistance (including in preparation of this review) is gratefully appreciated as well as the financial support by NSF, DOE, and UM Rackham School of Graduate Studies. A.M. thanks Woochul Kim (School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea) and Robert Wang for their contributions to this review and support from the Basic Energy Sciences, Department of Energy and the Chemical and Transport Systems Division of the National Science Foundation and Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative grant with an agency award number: N00014-03-1-0790.

Notes

7. A.P. Wemhoff and V.P. Carey, Molecular Dynamics Exploration of Properties in the Liquid-Vapor Interfacial Region, Paper HT2003-47158, July 21–23, 2003; Las Vegas, Nev.

8. A.P. Wemhoff and V.P. Carey, Surface Tension Evaluation via Thermodynamic Analysis of Statistical Data from Molecular Dynamic Simulations, Paper HT-FED04-56690, July 14–16, 2004; Charlotte, N.C.

61. S.M. Rytov, Theory of Electric Fluctuations and Thermal Radiation, Paper #AFCRC-TR-59–162, 1959; Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford, Mass.

74. L. Hu and G. Chen, unpublished.

101. D.J. Hwang, Pulsed Laser Processing of Electronic Materials in Micro/Nanoscale, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Berkeley, 2005.

155. P.G. Murphy and J.E. Moore, Phonon Localization by Coherent Multiple Scattering in Thermal Transport in Nanowires, unpublished.