Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in carbon black-containing plastic consumer products from the Jordanian market

Figures & data

Table 1. PAHs quantitation masses, according to Peters and Harlin (1995).

PAH	m/z	PAH	m/z
1-Fluoronaphthalene	146	Chrysene	228
Fluorenthene	202	Benzo(b)fluoranthene	252
Fluorene	166	Benzo(k)fluoranthene	252
Phenanthrene	178	Benzo(a)pyrene	252
Anthracene	178	Ineno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene	276
Pyrene	202	Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene	278
Benzo(a)anthracene	228	Benzo(g,h,i)perylene	276

Table 2. PAHs retention time and instrumental DL and QL.

Number	PAH	tR (min)	DL (µg/mL)	QL (µg/mL)
1	Fluorene	16.95	0.0003	0.0010
2	Phenanthrene	20.36	0.0003	0.0009
3	Anthracene	20.56	0.0003	0.0010
4	Fluoranthene	25.32	0.0005	0.0018
5	Pyrene	26.30	0.0005	0.0016
6	Benz[a]anthracene	31.85	0.0007	0.0023
7	Chrysene	32.01	0.0008	0.0026
8	Benz[b]fluoranthene	37.30	0.0011	0.0037
9	Benzo[k]fluoranthene	37.46	0.0012	0.0040
10	Benzo[a]pyrene	39.48	0.0021	0.0069
11	Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene	50.22	0.0018	0.0061
12	Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	50.79	0.0017	0.0056
13	Benzo[g,h,i]perylene	53.57	0.0089	0.0298

Table 3. PAHs retention time, MDL and MQL.

Number	PAH	tR (min)	MDL (µg/g)	MQL (µg/g)
1	Fluorene	16.23	0.0015	0.0049
2	Phenanthrene	19.38	0.0016	0.0037
3	Anthracene	19.54	0.0014	0.0046
4	Fluoranthene	24.09	0.0025	0.0082
5	Pyrene	24.98	0.0024	0.0082
6	Benz[a]anthracene	30.41	0.0023	0.0077
7	Chrysene	30.58	0.0024	0.0080
8	Benz[b]fluoranthene	35.14	0.0042	0.0355
9	Benzo[k]fluoranthene	35.25	0.0048	0.0225
10	Benzo[a]pyrene	36.59	0.0088	0.0205
11	indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene	43.69	0.0062	0.0207
12	Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	44.09	0.0105	0.0285
13	Benzo[g,h,i]perylene	45.60	0.00445	0.0190

Table 4. Concentration of PAHs in the real samples (Average concentration in mg/kg ± standard deviation).

	Sample type
PAH	Gloves	Mouse pad	Car wiper	Rubber shoe	Bicycle grip	Toilet plunger	Car mat	Gas O-ring	Gas tube	Used car mat	Toy wheel	Electrical wire
Fluorene	0.3 ± 0.0	67 ± 2.4	6 ± 0.4	12 ± 0.9	148 ± 3.1	7 ± 2.4	ND^a	31 ± 3.5	12 ± 0.6	12 ± 1.1	14 ± 0.6	0.4 ± 0.0
Phenanthrene	0.3 ± 0.0	99 ± 1.0	3 ± 0.2	6 ± 0.6	177 ± 2.1	7 ± 0.4	0.2 ± 0.0	47 ± 4.5	14 ± 0.7	27 ± 2.0	98 ± 0.6	1.4 ± 0.2
Anthracene	0.1 ± 0.0	20 ± 2.1	0.6 ± 0.	0.9 ± 0.1	36 ± 1.4	1 ± 0.1	ND	12 ± 1.6	3 ± 0.3	5 ± 0.4	2 ± 0.5	ND
Fluoranthene	0.2 ± 0.0	24 ± 1.4	0.2 ± 0.0	0.5 ± 0.1	14 ± 0.5	2 ± 0.7	ND	8 ± 0.5	1 ± 0.1	31 ± 2.5	30 ± 0.6	0.9 ± 0.1
Pyrene	0.5 ± 0.0	13 ± 1.4	0.8 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.1	7 ± 0.9	1 ± 0.2	ND	9 ± 0.5	1 ± 0.1	28 ± 2.4	147 ± 1.3	1.2 ± 0.2
Benz[a]anthracene	ND	5 ± 0.9	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.2 ± 0.0	ND	17 ± 1.3	124 ± 3.0	0.1 ± 0.0
Chrysene	ND	6 ± 1.3	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	0.2 ± 0.0	ND	26 ± 2.0	99 ± 2.4	0.1 ± 0.0
Benz[b]fluoranthene	0.1 ± 0.0	0.7 ± 0.1	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	21 ± 3.4	ND	9 ± 0.8
Benzo[k]fluoranthene	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	15 ± 3.4	ND	ND
Benzo[a]pyrene	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	3 ± 0.2	ND	ND	15 ± 1.4	33 ± 2.4	ND
indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene	ND	ND	ND	0.2 ± 0.0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	9 ± 0.9	ND	ND
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene	ND	ND	ND	0.1 ± 0.0	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	2 ± 0.2	ND	ND
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene	ND	ND	ND	0.1 ± 0.0	ND	ND	ND	1 ± 0.1	ND	13 ± 1.2	ND	ND
∑PAHs ± SD	1.5 ± 0.0	235 ± 2.6	11 ± 0.4	20 ± 1.2	382 ± 3.2	18 ± 2.4	3 ± 0.2	107 ± 3.5	31 ± 0.6	221 ± 7.1	547 ± 4.9	13 ± 0.8

^a ND: not detected.

Table 5. Concentrations of PAHs in (µg TEQ/kg) for real samples.

PAHs	TEF^a	Sample 1 (Gloves)	Sample 2 (Mouse pad)	Sample 3 (Car wiper)	Sample 4 (Rubber shoe)	Sample 5 (Bicycle grip)	Sample 6 (Toilet plunger)	Sample 7 (Car mat)	Sample 8 (Gas O-ring)	Sample 9 (Gas tube)	Sample 10 (Used car mat)	Sample 11 (Toy wheel)	Sample 12 (Electrical wire)
Fluorene	0.001	0.3	67	6.2	12	148	7	–	31	12.34	12	14	0.4
Phenanthrene	0.001	0.3	99	2.6	6	177	7	0.2	47	13.84	27	98	1.4
Anthracene	0.01	1.0	199	56	90	360	10	–	120	28.10	50	20	–
Fluoranthene	0.001	0.2	24	0.2	0.5	14	2	–	8	1.10	31	30	0.9
Pyrene	0.001	0.5	13	0.8	0.4	7	1	–	9	0.74	28	147	1.2
Benzo[a]anthracene	0.1	2.0	490	–	–	–	–	–	20	–	1700	12,400	10
Chrysene	0.01	0.3	60	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	260	990	1.0
Benzo[b]fluoranthene	0.1	5.0	73	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2100	–	900
Benzo[k]fluoranthene	0.1	1.00	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1500	–	–
Benzo[a]pyrene	1	20.0	–	–	–	–	–	2700	–	–	15,000	33,000	–
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene	0.1	–	–	–	20	–	–	–	–	–	900	–	–
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene	1	–	–	–	100	–	–	–	–	–	2000	–	–
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene	0.01	–	–	–	1.0	–	–	–	10	–	130	–	–
∑ (µg TEQ/k g)		29	1025	66	230	706	27	2700	247	56.12	23,738	46,699	924

^a TEF: Toxicity Equivalency Factor according to Nisbet and Lagoy.

Table 6. Parameters used in the incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment (USEPA 1991, USEPA 2004).

		Age groups (Years)
Parameter	Units	0 ≤ 2	2 ≤ 6	6 ≤ 16	16 ≤ 30	Adult >30
Body weight (BW)	kg	15	15	70	70	90
Exposure frequency (EF)	d/year	350	350	350	350	350
Exposure duration (ED)	year	2	4	10	14	24
Dermal surface exposure (SA)	cm^2/d	2800	2800	5700	5700	5700
Dermal adherence factor (AF)	mg/cm	0.2	0.2	0.07	0.07	0.07
Dermal adsorption fraction (ABSd)	unitless	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gastrointestinal adsorption fraction (ABSGI)	unitless	1	1	1	1	1
Averaging life span (AT)	days	25,550	25,550	25,550	25,550	25,550
Age-dependent adjustment factor for age (ADAFi)	unitless	10	3	3	1	1
Conversion factor (CF)	kg/mg	1.0 × 10^−6	1.0 × 10^−6	1.0 × 10^−6	1.0 × 10^−6	1.0 × 10^−6

Table 7. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposing to carbon black-containing plastic parts of consumer products PAHs through dermal contacts.

Age interval (year)	Sample 1 (Gloves)	Sample 2 (Mouse pad)	Sample 3 (Car wiper)	Sample 4 (Rubber shoe)	Sample 5 (Bicycle grip)	Sample 6 (Toilet plunger)	Sample 7 (Car mat)	Sample 8 (Gas O-ring)	Sample 9 (Gas tube)	Sample 10 (Used car mat)	Sample 11 (Toy wheel)	Sample 12 (Electrical wire)
0–<2	8.79 × 10^−7	2.62 × 10^−5	3.92 × 10^−7	4.78 × 10^−6	1.79 × 10^−5	6.71 × 10^−7	6.84 × 10^−5	6.42 × 10^−6	1.44 × 10^−6	6.24 × 10^−4	1.18 × 10^−3	2.34 × 10^−5
2–<6	5.27 × 10^−7	1.57 × 10^−5	2.35 × 10^−7	2.87 × 10^−6	1.07 × 10^−5	4.03 × 10^−7	4.11 × 10^−5	3.85 × 10^−6	8.61 × 10^−7	3.75 × 10^−4	7.08 × 10^−4	1.40 × 10^−5
6–<16	2.01 × 10^−7	6.01 × 10^−6	8.98 × 10^−8	1.09 × 10^−6	4.10 × 10^−6	1.54 × 10^−7	1.57 × 10^−5	1.47 × 10^−6	3.29 × 10^−7	1.43 × 10^−4	2.70 × 10^−4	5.35 × 10^−6
16–<30	9.39 × 10^−8	2.80 × 10^−6	4.19 × 10^−8	5.11 × 10^−7	1.91 × 10^−6	7.18 × 10^−8	7.31 × 10^−6	6.86 × 10^−7	1.53 × 10^−7	6.67 × 10^−5	1.26 × 10^−4	2.50 × 10^−6
30–<70	1.25 × 10^−7	3.74 × 10^−6	5.59 × 10^−8	6.81 × 10^−7	2.55 × 10^−6	9.57 × 10^−8	9.75 × 10^−6	9.14 × 10^−7	2.05 × 10^−7	8.89 × 10^−5	1.68 × 10^−4	3.33 × 10^−6
ILCRsDermal	1.83 × 10^−6	5.45 × 10^−5	8.15 × 10^−7	9.93 × 10^−6	3.72 × 10^−5	1.40 × 10^−6	1.42 × 10^−4	1.33 × 10^−5	2.98 × 10^−6	1.30 × 10^−3	2.45 × 10^−3	4.86 × 10^−5
Theor. No of cancer cases	2	55	1	10	37	1	142	13	3	1300	2450	49

Figure 1. PAHs concentration in samples 1–6 (above) and 7–12 (below).

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