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Abstract
Phialocephala fortinii s.l. and Acephala applanata are the dominant dark septate endophytes (DSE) in roots of many trees and shrubs. Population genetic analysis led to the discovery of morphologically indistinguishable but reproductively isolated cryptic species (CSP) within Phialocephala fortinii s.l. In the present study we show that sequence data of two coding (beta-tubulin and translation elongation factor [EF-1alpha]) and three noncoding DNA loci confirm subdivision of P. fortinii s.l. and allow to differentiate seven CSP of P. fortinii. In addition we show that strains collected throughout Europe can be classified correctly based on these sequence markers. Statistically significant differences in growth response on different media were observed among CSP of P. fortinii and A. applanata. Growth inhibition on MEA amended with 100 mgl−1 cycloheximide had the strongest differential effect of all physiological traits examined. In contrast exoenzyme production (laccase, proteinase, pectinase, phenol-oxidase, amylase, cytochrome oxidase and tyrosinase) rarely helped to differentiate CSP of P. fortinii. However A. applanata was a strong producer of amylases, laccases and proteinases. Based on these data we propose to assign species rank to six CSP of P. fortinii: P. turiciensis, P. letzii, P. europaea, P. helvetica, P. uotolensis, P. subalpina spp. nov. and P. fortinii s.s.
We thank Nina Brenn and Valentin Queloz, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland, as well as Audrius Menkis, Department Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, for their help during the collection and isolation of endophytes. We thank Orlando Petrini, Comano, Switzerland, for the Latin diagnosis.