Thermal Performance of Sustainable Element in Moayedi Icehouse in Iran

ABSTRACT

Iran’s traditional architecture is one of the examples of sustainable architecture that has been trying to meet the needs of the people of its era. Access to ice in hot and dry summers was one of the needs of residents of the desert region. Therefore, architects designed icehouse, a space for ice production in the winter, storage and consumption in the summer. Icehouses have three main parts: ice reservoir, ice-making pond, and shadowing wall. The ice-making process was carried out in ice-making pool during the fall and winter, and the ice was stored in the ice house reservoir below the ground, until the summer. One of the ice house built in the Iranian desert region is Moayedi icehouse, located in Kerman, southeast of Iran. This study described the role of the shadowing wall in the process of ice production. To calculate the amount of ice in the pond during the winter season of the year, numerical calculations based on the amount of dissipated and absorbed heat are used. Based on the results of the calculations, the shadowing wall does not play any role in the production of ice, but the task of protecting produced ice during the sunlight.

KEYWORDS:

• Ice making
• Iran
• shadowing wall
• thermal performance
• traditional buildings
• winter season
• Yakhchal

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the persons who contributed us in various ways to make this study possible: Mr. Reza Afhami, Mr. Pouria Yousef, Ms. Azam Iranmanesh, Ms. Nilofar Asghari and Ms. Sahba Baniasadi.

Nomenclature

$a$ Apparent solar irradiation at air mass zero for each month

$A$ Area of ice surface in cavity, $m^2$

$A_1$ Area of surface1 (wall), $m^2$

$A_2$ Area of surface2 (cavity), $m^2$

$b$ Atmospheric extinction coefficient

$c$ Ratio of diffuse radiation on horizontal surface to direct normal irradiation

$C_w$ Specific of heat water, ${J/g}^{\circ }C$

$e_s$ Mean saturation vapor pressure, $kPa$

$e_a$ Actual vapor pressure, $kPa$

$F_e$ The rate of evaporation of water, $kg/m^2.s$

$F_{1-2}$ Shape factor

$F_{ss}$ Angle factor between the surface and the sky

$F_{sg}$ Angle factor between the surface and earth

H Height of vertical Surface, $m$

$h_{if}$ Freezing enthalpy (at 0${ }^{\circ }C$), $J/g$

$h$ Hour angle, ${ }^{\circ }$

$h_c$ Convective heat transfer coefficient, $W/{m^2}^{\circ }C$

$h_{rgs}$Radiation heat transfer coefficient, $W/{m^2}^{\circ }C$

$h_{r,2-2}$ Heat radiation exchange coefficient between 2 perpendicular surfaces,$W/{m^2}^{\circ }C$

$K$ Thermal conductivity, $W/m^{\circ }C$

$L_t$ Latent heat of evaporation, $kj/kg$

$L$ Latitude, ${ }^{\circ }$

$l$ Width of surface, $m$

$N{u}_x$ Nusselt number

$N$ The day number of the year (January 1)

$Pr$ Prandtl number

$Q_{r,1-2}$ Radiation heat transfer to the sky, $W/m^2$

$Q_{r,2-2}$ Heat radiation exchange between 2 perpendicular surfaces, $W/m^2$

$Q_r$ Transitive heat of radiation,$W/m^2$

$Q_e$ Transitive heat of evaporation, $W/m^2$

$Q_c$ Transitive heat of convection, $W/m^2$

$Q_s$ Transitive heat of water above ice surface, $W/m^2$

$R{e}_x$ Reynolds number

$S$ Thickness of water on ice, $mm$

$T_s$ Temperature of surface, °C

$T_a$ Temperature of air, °C

$T_1$ Temperature of wall, °C

$T_2$ Temperature of water, °C

$T_s$ Surface temperature,°C

$T_{dp}$ Dew Point temperature, °C

$T_{wi}$ Primal temperature of the water, ${ }^{\circ }C$

$U$ Wind speed, $m/s$

$W$ Length of Horizontal surface, $m$

$X$ Length of surface, m

$\sigma$ Stefan-Boltzmann factor, $W/m^2{K}^4$

${\beta }_1$ Solar altitude angle, ${ }^{\circ }$

${\epsilon }_1$ Emissivity of surface1 (wall-Fire clay)

${\epsilon }_2$ Emissivity of surface2 (water)

${\epsilon }_s$ Surface emissivity

${\rho }_g$ Reflectance of the foreground

${\rho }_w$ Density of water, $g/c{m}^3$

${\rho }_i$ Density of ice, $g/c{m}^3$

$\mathcal{S}$ Ice-making size by time, $mm$

$v$ Kinematic viscosity, $m^2/s$

$Z_s$ Surface azimuth angle, ${ }^{\circ }$

${\theta }_z$ Zenith angle, ${ }^{\circ }$

$\mathrm{\Sigma }$ Tilt surface angle, ${ }^{\circ }$

$\mathrm{\Delta }{t}_1$ Time to cooling the water from $T_{wi}$ to zero

$\mathrm{\Delta }{t}_2$ Time to freezing the water

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Ali Ebrahimi, Aida Shayegani, and Mahnaz Mahmoudi Zarandi declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Notes

¹ A natural building material used as plastering on the whole building.

² Showdown and Ab Anbar usually had a place for people to rest; however, ice houses were designed just fore ice production and storage.

³ Was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history 1501–1736.