Tailor-Made Biosystems - Bacterial Cellulose-Based Films with Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Figures & data

Table 1. BC film mechanical properties (measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Source	Tensile strength (MPa)	Strain at break (%)	Young`s modulus (MPa)	RH (%)	T (°C)	References
BC air-dried	K. xylinum	256.0	1.07	16900	65	20	^[^4^]
BC hot-pressed	AJ 12368	91-260	0.8-1.9	16400-17500
BC	K. xylinum	0.33-0.54	17.5-40.0				^[^31^]
BC	K. xylinum	1.57	18.0				^[^29^]
BC dried	K. xylinum	5.21	3.75				^[^52^]
BC swollen		1.56	8.0
BC	K. xylinum ATCC 23769	32.0 ± 5.0	3.4			RT	^[^53^]
BC pinned		28.0 ± 5.0	1.7
BC	K. xylinum ATCC 53524	1.2-2.0	23.0-30.0	10.0-14.2			^[^54^]
BC NaOH treat.		1.2-1.6	21.0-26.0	9.1-13.2
BC	K. xylinum	150 ± 16.0	4.5 ± 0.5	3700 ± 800	30	20	^[^55^]
BC	K. xylinum	1.7	>33.0			25	^[^30^]
	ATCC 53582
Crystalline bacterial cellulose	G. hansenii ATCC 23769	33.0	76.0	5200.0	50	25	^[^42^]
BC	K. xylinum ATCC 1765	194.4	3.4	11400.0	40	23	^[^56^]
BC ATCC 700178	K. xylinum,	0.15 ± 0.08	20.7 ± 8.3	1.1 ± 0.38			^[^26^]
BC ATCC 10245	G. hansenii	0.36 ± 0.08	18.6 ± 8.0	2.87 ± 1.33
BC ATCC 23769		0.12 ± 0.04	18.0 ± 5.0	1.26 ± 0.66
BC NBRC 13693		0.62 ± 0.17	18.7 ± 3.3	3.08 ± 0.66
BC ATCC 53524		0.68 ± 0.13	20.7 ± 6.0	5.56 ± 2.29
BC KTH 5655		0.62 ± 0.16	16.2 ± 2.91	3.83 ± 1.08
BC	K. xylinum B-12068		10.1-15.2	3.7-5.5		RT	^[^47^]
BC untreat.	K.	27.9 ± 1.7	45.2 ± 1.4	43.7			^[^57^]
BC H2O pretreat.	xylinum	75.8 ± 7.8	8.4 ± 2.5	950.0
BCNaOH pretreat.		73.7 ± 11.8	5.5 ± 4.6	1069.1
BC K. xylinus (dry)	K. xylinum,	141 ± 70	4.0	10100 ± 800		RT	^[^41^]
BC K. xylinus (wet)	K.rhaet. TJPU03	0.1 ± 0.01	22.0 ± 1.0	6.1
BC K. rhaet. (dry)		70 ± 6	5.0	5300 ± 400
BC K. rhaet. (wet)		0.16 ± 0.01	27.0 ± 2.0	0.0083
BC diff. H2O act.	K. xylinum	15.5-22.3	1.4-3.7	650-1800			^[^25^]

Table 2. Mechanical properties of XG films (measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Source	Tensile strength (MPa)	Strain at break (%)	Young`s modulus (MPa)	RH (%)	T (°C)	Reference
XG	Tamarind	61.0 ± 8.6	4.8 ± 3.6	4300 ± 230	50	RT	[^80]
XG	Tamarind	28.0-114.0	2.7-9.2	1630-5950	50	RT	[^36]
XG	Tamarind	78.0 ± 8.6	5.7 ± 3.6	4597 ± 164	50	RT	[^81]
XG	Tamarind	92.9 ± 5.8	8.9 ± 2.0	4100 ± 150	50	23	[^82]
XG	Tamarind			1500-3500	50	25	[^58]
XG	Tamarind	78.0 ± 8.6	5.7 ± 3.6	4597 ± 164	50	23	[^83]

Table 3. Mechanical properties of xylan films (DS – degree of substitution; DP – degree of polymerization, measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Source	Tensile strength (MPa)	Strain at break (%)	Young`s modulus (MPa)	RH (%)	T (°C)	Reference
Xylan	Maize bran	10.0-11.0	8.0-38.0	57.0-118.0		19 ± 1	[^86]
Xylan	Cotton stalk	1.1-1.4	45.5-56.7		40 ± 4	20 ± 2	[^87]
Xylan	Bamboo	10.02 ± 2.01	1.28 ± 0.5	780 ± 420			[^88]
Xylan	Birchwood	19.3 ± 1.4	0.8 ± 0.1	2400 ± 200	50	23	[^89]
Xylan	Sugarcane bagasse	9.2-22.3	0.7-1.3	8.9-38.9			[^90]
Glucuronoxylan	Cotton stalks	14.0	12.0				[^91]
AX	Maize bran	26.5 ± 4.1	7.4 ± 2.9	72.4 ± 35.2	54	25	[^92]
AX	Corn hull	53.8 ± 0.4	6.2 ± 1.6	1316 ± 90	54	22	[^93]
AX	Barley husks	50.0	2.5	2930	50	23	[^94]
AX	Barley husks	40.0	1.4	2800	50	23	[^59]
AX	Rye flour	52.4 ± 5.9	4.7 ± 1.8	1750 ± 740	50	23	[^95]
AX (high DS)	Rye flour	58.0 ± 11.0	8.1 ± 3.3	2500 ± 400	50	30	[^96]
AX (low DS)		32.0 ± 3.0	2.1 ± 0.3	2200 ± 200
AX	Rye bran	15.7	6.1	533.0	50	23	[^97]
AX	Rye flour	42.5 ± 6.5	11.9 ± 4.3	2300 ± 200	50 ± 2	23 ± 1	[^98]
AX (high DP, high DS)	Rye flour	63.0	12.4	1800.0	50	23	[^99]
AX (low DP, high DS)		47.0	5.2	1890.0
AX (high DP, low DS)		60.0	12.2	1700.0
AX (low DP, low DS)		36.5	4.0	1900.0
AX	Rye flour	62.0 ± 3.0	4.0 ± 0.9	3100 ± 200	50	23	[^100]
AX	Wheat flour	8.1-98.0	7.1-39.0	325-2475	59	25 ± 1	[^101]
AX	Rye flour	16.0	6.0	550.0	50	23	[^102]
AcAX	Rye flour	65.1 ± 4.2	21.0 ± 3.1	2160 ± 80	50	23	[^103]
AX	Corncob	53.54 ± 12.8	7.08 ± 1.3	1662 ± 268	50	25	[^104]
AX	Wheat flour	61.0-131.0	22.0-46.0		59	20	[^105]
AX	Oat spelt	25.0 ± 4.1	6.0 ± 0.8	626 ± 126	50	23	[^106]
AX	Sorghum bagasse	32.0-34.0	2.0-2.6	2299-3400	50	23	[^107]

Table 4. Mechanical properties of Konjac glucomannan films (measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Source	Tensile strength (MPa)	Strain at break (%)	Young`s modulus (MPa)	RH (%)	T (°C)	Reference
KGM	Konjac	10.1	7.7		47	5	[^108]
KGM	Konjac	20.1	8.0		63	RT	[^109]
KGM	Konjac	2.3-3.4	7.8-12.2		0-100	RT	[^110]
KGM	Konjac	8.2	1.8				[^101]
KGM	Konjac	57.0	11.0	1914.0	54		[^111]
KGM	Konjac	40.0	7.0		50		[^112]
KGM deacetylated	Konjac	36.2	9.0		67	25	[^113]
KGM	Konjac	30.2 ± 1.1	32.0 ± 3.1		50		[^114]
KGM	Konjac	61.0 ± 3.0	25.0 ± 0.5	1200.0	50	20	[^115]
KGM	Konjac	41.47 ± 1.79	7.46 ± 0.75		50	25	[^116]

Table 5. Mechanical properties of BC-XG composites (measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Hemicellulose source	Fabrication method	Tensile strength (MPa)	Strain at break (%)	Young`s modulus (MPa)	RH (%)	T (°C)	Reference
BC-XG	Tamarind	Grown in medium	0.14-0.33	38.0-58.0				[^31]
BC-XG	Tamarind	Grown in medium	0.18	48.0				[^122]
BC-XG	Tamarind	Grown in medium	0.09	42.0				[^29]
BC-XG (high-MW)	Tamarind	Grown in medium	0.18	48.0				[^123]
BC-XG (Gal-depleted)			0.09-0.15	16.0-25.0
BC (reconstituted)-XG	Tamarind	Casted	92.0-130.0	1.6-2.6	8300-11000	50	RT	[^117]
BC-XG	Tamarind	Grown in medium	18.2 ± 2.7	0.29 ± 0.1	4300 ± 1400	>33	35	[^124]
BC-XG	Tamarind	Grown in medium	2.7-37.7	>25.0			25	[^125]
BC (reconstituted)-XG	Guibourtia hymenifolia	Casted	59.0 ± 11.0	2.4 ± 0.55	4750 ± 230	50 ± 5	RT	[^118]
BC-XG	Tamarind	Grown in medium	3.1	37.0	7.5			[^34]
CBC-XG	Tamarind	Casted	52.0	77.0	9700			[^42]
Cellulose cryst.-XG	Tamarind	Casted			2650-4750	50	25	[^58]

Table 6. Mechanical properties of BC-xylan composites (AGX - arabino-4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan; GX – glucuronoxylan; DS – degree of substitution; DP – degree of polymerization, measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Hemicellulose source	Fabrication method	Tensile strength (MPa)	Strain at break (%)	Young`s modulus (MPa)	RH (%)	T (°C)	Reference
BC-AX (high DS)	Rye endosperm	Casted	53.0-68.0	3.3-8.3	2700-3200	50	30	[^96]
BC-AX (low DS)			46.0-49.0	2.8 ± 1.3	3100-3700
CMF-AX (high DP, high DS)	Rye endosperm	Casted	90.0	10.9	2520.0	50	23	[^99]
CMF-AX (high DP, low DS)			83.0	11.0	1900.0
CMF-AX (low DP, high DS)			57.0	3.7	2680.0
CMF-AX (low DP, low DS)			42.0	4.2	1780.0
CNF-AX	Rye endosperm	Casted	108-143	6.0-7.2	4800-7300	50	23	[^100]
CNF-AcAX	Rye endosperm	Casted	72.5-90.1	10.5-19.2	2390-3330	50	23	[^103]
BC-AX	Wheat flour	Grown in medium	0.98-10.2	18.0			25	[^125]
CNF-xylan	Birchwood	Casted	23.0-57.0	0.6-1.1	5200-7600	50	23	[^130]
CBC-xylan	Beechwood	Grown in medium	42.0	71.0	7300	50	25	[^42]
CNF-xylan	Beechwood	Casted	45.0-100.0	1.2 ± 0.4	5800-10100			[^131]
Cellulose (regenerated)-AGX	Spruce wood	Casted	19.0-75.0	2.8-24.8	400-2150	30-90	25	[^99]
BC-AGX	Softwood	Grown in medium	0.67	100.0	0.4 ± 0.1			[^73]
BC-GX (acetylated)			0.82	100.0	0.7 ± 0.1

Table 7. Mechanical properties of BC-glucomannan composites (measurement conditions: RH –relative humidity of air, T – air temperature).

Composition	Hemicellulose source	Fabrication method	Tensile strength(MPa)	Strain at break(%)	Young`s modulus(MPa)	RH (%)	T(°C)	Reference
CNF-KGM	Konjac	Casted	73.0-118.0	6.7-10.8		50	23	[^131]
BC-GGM	Softwood	Grown in medium	0.6	91.0	0.7 ± 0.2			[^73]
BC-AcGGM			0.97	53.0	2.4 ± 0.3
CNF-GGM	Spruce wood	Hot-pressed	50.8 ± 7.2		400.0 ± 45.0	50	23	[^140]
CNF-KGM	Konjac	Casted	95.0-135.0	5.9 ± 2.0	6400-7700			[^131]

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