The relationship between cortisol awakening response and trait resilience in two patient cohorts and one population-based cohort

Figures & data

Figure 1. Individual raw salivary cortisol levels (nmol/L) change from awakening to 30 min after being stratified.

Table 1. Participants’ characteristics.

	Depression cohort (N = 265)	CVD cohort (N = 146)	Control cohort (N = 469)	p	Turkey-Test
Sex (female)^a	163 (61.5)	21 (14.4)	245 (52.2)	<0.001
Age in years^b	56.12 (7.14)	62.10 (6.52)	59.73 (8.17)	<0.001
Education years^b	14.40 (2.46)	14.41 (2.37)	15.00 (2.61)	0.003	Dep, CVD < Control
Raw cortisol levels at s1 (nmol/L)^b	3.81 (7.39)	3.05 (2.10)	3.88 (6.27)	0.368
Raw cortisol levels at s2 (nmol/L)^b	20.88 (15.07)	17.62 (11.23)	19.84 (11.86)	0.048	Dep > CVD
Raw cortisol levels at s3 (nmol/L)^b	21.29 (12.90)	19.90 (11.68)	21.59 (10.99)	0.313
Awakening time (minutes from 00:00)^b	406.91 (85.19)	405.17 (64.47)	410.32 (73.53)	0.716
Non-compliance at s1^a	52 (20.4)	14 (9.7)	50 (11.0)	0.001	Dep, Control > CVD
Non-compliance at s2^a	130 (49.1)	40 (27.8)	150 (32.5)	<0.001	Dep, Control > CVD
Non-compliance at s3^a	6 (2.3)	4 (2.8)	19 (4.1)	0.390
Weekend sampling^a	64 (24.2)	45 (30.8)	108 (23.0)	0.158
non-Responder^c	151 (57.0)	78 (53.4)	242 (51.6)	0.373
CARAUCi^d	6.48 (218.29)	36.12 (210.78)	26.53 (179.98)	0.269
CARi^e	0.41 (14.39)	2.29 (13.55)	1.75 (11.64)	0.272
RS-11 sum score^f	51.05 (12.14)	60.01 (9.37)	62.21 (9.27)	<0.001	Dep > CVD, Control
CES-D sum score^g	20.37 (12.14)	9.75 (7.24)	7.91 (7.18)	<0.001	Dep > CVD, Control

Note. ^aCategorical variables are described by N (%). ^bContinuous variables are described by mean (± SD). ^cCAR response. ^dCAR Area under the curve with respect to increase. ^eCAR Delta increase. ^fResilience scale 11. ^gCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Table 2. Results of the full model of the multiple logistic regression analysis with CARresp as outcome stratified by cohort.

	Depression cohort			CVD cohort			Control cohort
Predictors	OR	CI	P	OR	CI	p	OR	CI	p
(Intercept)	0.12	0.00–3.03	0.201	0.02	0.00–2.86	0.130	5.24	0.47–60.35	0.181
Sex (female)	0.66	0.39–1.11	0.122	0.74	0.27–2.04	0.553	0.65	0.44–0.94	0.024
Age (in years)	1.04	1.00–1.08	0.030	1.05	0.99–1.11	0.114	0.97	0.95–1.00	0.021
Education years	1.08	0.98–1.21	0.133	1.00	0.86–1.16	0.985	1.04	0.97–1.12	0.283
Awakening time (minutes from 00:00)	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.681	1.00	1.00–1.01	0.468	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.891
Non-comliance at s2	0.72	0.43–1.22	0.223	0.89	0.40–1.97	0.766	0.85	0.56–1.28	0.431
Non-complaince at s3	1.81	0.33–13.73	0.512	0.90	0.10–8.34	0.920	0.82	0.31–2.13	0.680
Weekend sampling	0.98	0.54–1.77	0.941	0.42	0.19–0.90	0.029	0.67	0.43–1.06	0.085
RS-11 sums score	0.99	0.97–1.01	0.400	1.01	0.98–1.05	0.438	1.01	0.98 to 1.03	0.610
Observations	262			142			461
R^2 Tjur basic model	0.040			0.064			0.040
R^2 Tjur	0.045			0.067			0.040

Table 3. Results of the full model of the multiple linear regression analysis with CARAUCi as outcome stratified by cohort.

	Depression cohort			CVD cohort			Control cohort
Predictors	Est.	CI	p	Est.	CI	p	Est.	CI	p
(Intercept)	481.67	142.78 to 820.57	0.006	608.71	133.24 to 1084.17	0.012	−40.89	−254.00 to 172.21	0.706
Sex (female)	1.10	−53.24 to 55.45	0.968	−38.50	−137.64 to 60.63	0.444	49.45	16.08 to 82.82	0.004
Age (in years)	−6.69	−10.46 to −2.92	0.001	−3.79	−9.30 to 1.71	0.175	1.51	−0.54 to 3.56	0.148
Education years	−3.22	−14.20 to 7.75	0.564	5.56	−8.88 to 20.01	0.447	−3.67	−10.18 to 2.83	0.268
Awakening time (minutes from 00:00)	−0.21	−0.52 to 0.11	0.194	−0.80	−1.37 to − 0.23	0.006	−0.11	−0.35 to 0.12	0.332
Non-comliance at s2	27.59	−26.61 to 81.79	0.317	11.19	−67.62 to 89.99	0.779	−23.64	−60.07 to 12.79	0.203
Non-complaince at s3	−97.89	−275.52 to 79.74	0.279	−27.42	−234.60 to 179.76	0.794	3.83	−79.64 to 87.30	0.928
Weekend sampling	−33.35	−95.27 to 28.57	0.290	27.77	−48.45 to 103.98	0.472	13.50	−26.18 to 53.19	0.504
RS-11 sums score	0.53	−1.77 to 2.83	0.652	−1.01	−4.68 to 2.67	0.588	0.13	−1.70 to 1.97	0.887
Observations	262			142			461
R^2 / R^2 adjusted basic model	0.053/0.027			0.098/0.050			0.034/0.019
R^2 / R^2 adjusted	0.062/0.032			0.100/0.045			0.034/0.016