Facile synthesis of environmental friendly halogen-free microporous terpolymer from renewable source with enhanced physical properties

Figures & data

Figure 4 Gel permeation chromatogram of terpoltmer VFUMA.

Scheme 1 Proposed structure of terpolymer VFUMA.

Figure 1 (a) FT-IR and (b) ¹H NMR spectrum of terpolymer VFUMA.

Figure 2 Total ion chromatogram of terpolymer VFUMA at 300 °C.

Figure 3 Plot between relative pressure and 1/[V_A(P_o/P–1)] for VFUMA.

Figure 5 DSC thermograms of terpolymer VFUMA at different heating rates from 30 °C to 250 °C.

Figure 6 TG-DTG thermograms of terpolymer VFUMA at different scanning rates (a) 10 °C min, (b) 20 °C min, (c) 30 °C min, and (d) 40 °C min.

Table 1. TG-DTG data obtained from various heating rates for terpolymer VFUMA.

Scanning rate, β (°C/min)	ΔT = T endset − T onset	T d (°C)	ΔT = T endset − T onset	T d (°C)
10	92.6–166.3	127.2	540.9–548.6	548.5
20	94.9–223.2	149.3	532.7–566.6	557.4
30	99.0–214.1	151.4	570.8–594.6	586.2
40	94.5–263.3	162.3	556.5–599.9	578.8

Figure 7 Typical plots of log β vs. 1000/T at conversion values in the range from α = 0.05 to 0.90.

Table 2. E _a values of the thermal decomposition for a VFUMA from FWO expression.

Conversion (α)	Linear expression obtained from Figure 7	Correlation coefficient, (r)	Activation energy (kJ/mol)
0.05	Y = −1.9945X + 7.8717	0.9998	36.3
0.10	Y = −0.7672X + 4.41537	0.9915	14.0
0.15	Y = −0.25344X + 3.0847	0.9302	4.6
0.20	Y = −0.48266X + 3.59137	0.9959	8.8
0.30	Y = −0.62843X + 3.827	0.9999	11.4
0.40	Y = −0.36971X + 3.2002	0.9922	6.7
0.50	Y = −0.1298X + 2.68278	0.9996	2.4
0.60	Y = −0.33863X + 2.93115	0.9983	6.2
0.70	Y = −0.47137X + 3.0611	0.9613	8.6
0.80	Y = −1.9558X + 4.85985	0.9878	35.6
0.90	Y = −2.51968X + 5.4860	0.9922	45.8

Table 3. Algebraic expressions for g(α) and f(α) for the most frequently used mechanisms of solid-state processes.

Mechanism	g(α)	f(α)
A2, Nucleation and growth (Avrami Equation [1])	[−ln(1 − α)]^1/2	2(1 − α)[−ln(1 − α)]^1/2
A3, Nucleation and growth (Avrami Equation [2])	[−ln(1 − α)]^1/3	3(1 − α)[−ln(1 − α)]^2/3
A4, Nucleation and growth (Avrami Equation [3])	[−ln(1 − α)]^1/4	4(1 − α)[−ln(1 − α)]^3/4
R1, Phase boundary controlled reaction (one-dimensional movement)	α	1
R2, Phase boundary controlled reaction (contracting area)	[1 − (1 − α)^1/2)	2(1 − α)^1/2
R3, Phase boundary controlled reaction (contracting volume)	[1 − (1 − α)^1/3)	3(1 − α)^2/3
D1, One-dimensional diffusion	α ^2	(1/2) α ^−1
D2, Two-dimensional diffusion (Valensi Equation)	(1 − α)ln (1 − α) + α	−[ln(1 − α)]^−1
D3, Three-dimensional diffusion (Jander Equation)	[1 − (1 − α)^1/3]^2	(3/2)[1 − (1 − α)^1/3]^−1(1 − α)^2/3
D4, Three-dimensional diffusion (Ginstling Brounshtein Equation)	[1 − (2/3) α] − (1 − α)^2/3	(3/2)[1 − (1 − α)^1/3]^−1
F1, Random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle	−ln(1 − α)	1 – α
F2, Random nucleation with two nuclei on the individual particle	1/(1 − α)	(1 − α)^2
F3, Random nucleation with three nuclei on the individual particle	1/(1 − α)^2	1/2(1 − α)^3

Figure 8 Plots of Z(α) vs. α of VFUMA compared between experimental curve and master curve at different mechanisms.