Mini-review on the novel synthesis and potential applications of carbazole and its derivatives

Figures & data

Figure 1. Aryl hydrazine by co-thermal reaction with naphthol in the presence of sodium bisulfite and cyclized under acidic conditions to produce tetrahydrocarbazole and catalytically dehydrogenated to produce carbazole.

Figure 2. Oxidative dehydrogenation of 2-aminobiphenyl or deamination of 2,2’-diaminobipheny for the preparation of carbazole.

Figure 3. (a) Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction to synthesize biphenyl intermediates with different substituents and (b) cyclization using different nitrogen-containing groups and catalysts.

Figure 4. Synthesis of carbazoles and carbazole derivatives using disubstituted nitrobiphenyls in presence of MoO₂Cl₂(dmf)₂ and PPh3.

Figure 5. Siamenol synthesized process by cyclization of PPh₃/dichlorobenzene system using nitrobiphenyl as the key intermediate.

Figure 6. Carbazole synthesis in the presence of P(OEt)₃ or PPh₃ with a microwave power.

Figure 7. Carbazole synthesis obtained by releasing nitrogen gas through heating.

Figure 8. Carbazole derivatives synthesis using azidobiphenyl under the conditions of Rh₂(O₂CC₃F₇)₄.

Figure 9. Ruthenium complexes series preparation [e.g., RuCl₂-(PPh₃)₃, RuCl₂(DMSO)₄, RuCl₃, RuO₂, (NH₄)₂RuCl₆] for the C-H amination reactions of organic azide compounds.

Figure 10. Aryl substitution on the aryl ring opposite to the azide group.

Figure 11. Direct synthesis of carbazoles from N-substituted aminophenylboronic ethers and o-dihalogenated benzenes.

Figure 12. Synthesis of carbazoles using 2,3-dimethyl-4-methoxyacetanilide and benzene.

Figure 13. Generation of by-products when the biphenyl intermediates with different substituents.

Figure 14. Dihalogen-substituted biphenyls and primary amines as raw materials for the total synthesis of (±)-Murrayazoline.

Figure 15. Monomers 1–19 to prepare microporous organic polymers.

Figure 16. Reaction A-J used to prepare microporous organic polymers.