Delinking and environmental Kuznets curves for waste indicators in Europe

Figures & data

Figure 1. World CO₂ emissions (million tons of C) and world GDP level (million constant 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars).

Figure 2. CO₂ emission intensity (fossil fuels) of world GDP and world GDP level (million tons of C per million international constant 1990 Geary-Khamis dollars, select years indicated). Sources: CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels from CDIAC, www.cdiac.org; data on GDP from www.theworldeconomy.org. Available data on total world real GDP are Angus Maddison's point estimates for 1870, 1900, 1913, and time series for 1950 – 2000. Data in the intervals 1871 – 1899 and 1901 – 1912 are our extrapolations assuming a constant average growth rate between the two available years. Data for world GDP in 1914 – 1949 are our estimates. We assumed the world GDP to be proportional, in each year of the interval, to the total GDP of a set of 44 countries in the Maddison's dataset representing 68% of world GDP in 1913 and 71% in 1950 (the same countries represent between 68 – 71% of world GDP also during the whole 1950 – 2000 period).

Figure 3. Packaging waste generation per capita (EU15).

Figure 4. Municipal waste generation per capita (EU28).

Table I. EKC analysis for packaging waste.

Dependent variable	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP
Model	Fixed effect panel data	Random effect panel data	Fixed effect panel data	Random effect panel data	Fixed effect panel data
Constant	…	3.10☆☆☆	…	3.13☆☆☆	…
Log C	0.90☆☆☆	0.78☆☆☆	0.89☆☆☆	0.76☆☆☆	7.88☆☆☆
Log C ^2	…	…	0.77	0.29	5.75☆☆☆
Log C ^3	…	…	…	…	−2.72☆☆☆
Turning point	…	…	No estimated turning point	No estimated turning point	No estimated turning point
N (15 countries, 5 years)	75	75	75	75	75
Model F test (probability value)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
☆☆☆Significant at 1%. ☆☆Significant at 5%. ☆Significant at 10%. R ^2 values are not shown as they are not as meaningful as the fit measure in the panel settings. C: household consumption per capita; log waste/pop is waste per capita.

Table II. EKC analysis for municipal waste.

Dependent variable	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP	Log WASTE/POP
Model	Fixed effect panel data	Fixed effect panel data	Fixed effect panel data
Constant	…	…	…	…	3,12☆☆☆
Log C	0,60☆☆☆	0,83☆☆☆	0,83☆☆☆	0,30	2,20☆☆☆
Log C ^2	…	−0,57
(t ratio−0.74)	−0,57
(t ratio−1.172)	0,57☆	−0,57☆☆☆
Log C ^3	…	…	…	−0,14☆☆	…
Turning point	…	No estimated turning point	No estimated turning point	No estimated turning point	Turning point
N (18 countries, 6 years)	108	108	108	108	96
Model F test (probability value)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
☆☆☆Significant at 1%. ☆☆Significant at 5%. ☆Significant at 10%. R ^2 values are not shown as they are not as meaningful as the fit measure in the panel settings. C: household consumption per capita; log waste/pop is waste per capita.