Socio-economic implications and environmental effects of oil spillage in some communities in the Niger delta

Figures & data

Table 1. Incidents of oil spillage in the eastern operations: 1989–2000.

Year	Incidents	Approximate barrels spilled	Approximate barrels recovered	Approximate barrels loss	Percentage of barrels recovered
1989	92	6147.59	1467.25	4680.34	23.8
1990	119	15,2264.50	5172.50	10,091.61	3.4
1991	117	155,041.33	1402.25	153,629.08	0.9
1992	184	27,161.54	721.00	26,440.54	2.6
1993	251	7310.14	1973.50	5336.64	26.9
1994	270	32,259.70	1692.25	30,567.45	5.2
1995	245	67,561.41	8846.39	58,715.02	13.0
1996	264	43,841.35	0.92	43,840.43	0.00004
1997	266	74,749.52	1243.50	73,506.02	1.7
1998	133	69,338.68	383.50	68,955.18	0.6
1998	260	28,013.72	100.80	27,912.92	0.3
2000	51	10,179.75	Nil	10,179.75	0.0
Total	2252	536,858.84	23,003.86	513,854.98	4.3
From the Department of petroleum resources 2004.

Figure 1. Burutu local government area within delta state.

Figure 2. Localities within Burutu local government area.

Table 2. Population projection for 2006.

	Localities	Base year (1991) population^a	2006 Population projected at 3% growth rate^b	No. of questionnaires to be administered in each locality at 0.01%
1	Forcados	651	1014	10
2	Ogulagha	5949	9268	93
3	Yeye	1964	3060	31
4	Obotebe	3969	6184	62
5	Obotobo I	227	354	4
6	Odimodi	2094	3262	33
7	Okofagbene	317	494	5
8	Sekebolou	1675	2610	26
9	Tuomo	849	1323	13
10	Bikorogha	953	1485	15
11	Yokri	999	1556	16
12	Beneiseide	283	441	4
13	Bazikumo	317	749	7
			Sample frame = 31,801	Sample size = 319
^aFrom the National population commission 1991.
^bFrom the Researcher's Projection 2006.

Table 3. Income distribution.

Monthly income	Frequency	Percentage
N5000–N10,000	158	52.3
N11,000–N15,000	47	15.6
N16,000–N20,000	22	7.3
N21,000–N25,000	15	5.0
N26,000–N30,000	4	1.3
No response	56	18.5
Total	302	100.0
From the author's fieldwork 2007.

Table 4. Incidence of oil spillage in the study area.

S/N	Date Year	Affected communities/locations	Causes	Company responsible	Response	Remark by community
1	24th July 1981	Forcados Ogulagha and Neighbouring villages	Blow out in tank 5, forcados terminal	SPDC		Uncondusive air for breathing
2	20th February 1992	Bikorogha	Leakage from a pipe near a valve			Slow Response by oil company responsible for the facility (pipeline)
3	8th October 1994	Odimodi laboseigha Barki Creek and surrounding forest, Okorobientuaye Creek, canal dug by westmister dredging and shallow wells	Leakage of pipeline	NAOC		The natural appearance of water/river changed to a blackish colour
						Water plants shrubs withered
						Fishing camps relocated
						Crude oil estimated to be half a metre thick
4	24th August 1995	Yeye, Sekebolou Obotobo I		SPDC	North Bank and Yokri flow station were shut down
5	5th August 1996	Tuomo	Leakage from trans Ramos trunk line	SPDC	Slow response to oil spill	Compensation was done by giving relief materials, N15,000 cash and the following items:18 bags each of rice, beans and garri
						Plastic water tank-12 and 2 crates of soft drink for each quarter
6	12th June 1998	Idougbene	Funiwa five oil spill spreading through the Creeks
7	14th June 1998	Izubulobu
8	12th July 1998	Bazikumo, Ololugbene
		Enebragbene, Chicogbene
		Kalagogbene
		Yourdebergbene fishing camp
		Arikpedebo fishing camp
		Tontimigbene
		Okofagbene fishing camp
		Komigbene
		Ogbdoijeigbene
		Boimagbene
9	24th August 1998	Aghoro II (Angoloiba)	Spill from Forcados off-shore loading terminal	Chevron Texaco Nigeria Limited
		Ogulagha
		Odimodi
		Okibou-zion
		Agge, Okibon
10	3rd January 1999	Okingbene		SPDC
		Obotobo II
11	6th–24th January 1999	Obotebe, Labulo-useigha	Leakage from Odidi II flow station	SPDC
		Kemogbene
12	2001	Obotebe, Tuhomo
13	2006	Obotobo I, Yeye, Bazikumo
		Yokri, Obotebe, Ogulagha
		Sekebolou
14	2007	Obotobo I, Yeye, Beniboye
		OdimodiIsiayegbene
		Ogulagha
From the Burutu local government area 2007.

Table 5. Volume of oil spilled and area coverage.

Year	Volume spilled (barrels)	Area covered (km^2)
1996	10,091.61	5.8
1997	8607.0	4.9
1198	21,876.6	12.0
1999	9351.3	5.4
2000	11,023.0	5.8
2001	8086.1	6.3
2002	15,296.12	8.1
2003	13,402.9	7.1
2004	7271.37	4.2
2005	9656	5.5
2006	10,111.1	5.8
Total	124,377.0	100
From the Burutu local government area 2007.

Table 6. Impact of oil spills on economic activities.

Response	Frequency	Percentage
Profitable	6	2.7
Less profitable	20	8.9
Not profitable	198	88.4
Total	224	100.0
From the author's fieldwork 2007.

Table 7. Model summary.

Model	R	R ^2	Adjusted R ^2	SE of the estimate
1	0.965	0.930	0.923	0.59570

Table 8. Soil pH value analysis result.

Locations	Soil sample (pH value)
Isiayegbene/Beniboye (Odimodi)	6.9
Okuntu	7.1
Ogulagha	7.3
Water disposal line linking Forcados terminal Ogulagha to south point, and finally emptying into River Forcados (controlled site)	6.7
From the author's fieldwork 2007.

Table 9. Heavy metals soil concentration and their permissible levels.

Parameter (heavy metals)	Permissibe level by WHO (ppm)^a	Concentrations in locations^b
		Isiayegbene/Beniboye (Odimodi) (ppm)	Okuntu (ppm)	Ogulagha (ppm)	WDL (ppm)
Chromium	0.05	0.054	0.27	0.98	0.00
Nickel	0.02	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.9
Copper	1.3	0.09	0.07	0.30	0.07
Cadmium	0.005–0.03	0.000	0.004	0.015	0.00
Selenium	0.05	25.288	0.000	21.115	0.00
Arsenic	0.010	1.8	1.4	6.9	0.00
Lead	0.015	0.38	0.04	0.00	0.00
Mercury	0.002	0.000	0.000	2.712	0.00
^aFrom Miroslav and Vladimir 1999.
^bFrom the author's fieldwork 2007.

Table 10. Gravimetric analysis for THC.

Locations	THC ppm^a	WHO permissible level for THC in ppm^b
Isiayegbene/Beniboye (Odimodi)	40,000	1
Okuntu	40,000	1
Ogulagha	40,000	1
WDL	0	1
Enekorogha(controlled environment)	0	1
^aFrom the author's fieldwork 2007.
^bFrom NDDC 2006.