The duality of integrated water management: science, policy or both?

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Percentage distribution of publications between fields of science for the terms ‘integrated management’ and ‘integrated approach’. Publications were categorised based on ISI subject categories, which were subsequently generalised to fields of science. Only subject categories that contained a minimum of 1% of all publications were included. Classes of science fields are derived and adapted from (Glänzel and Schubert 2003). (b) Appearance of integrated management and approaches and their conjugations in scientific literature. Per category, cumulative percentage over all years is 100%. Data were derived from a general search in ISI Web of Science ( http://portal.isiknowledge.com) in the Web of science databases SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI. Searches performed in publication titles for ‘integrated management’ and ‘integrated approach in relation to the term water, as well as the term river (total N = 2751). Online analysis tool was used to generate data.

Table 1. Key concepts in literature with relevant aspects.

Concept	References	Aspects	Position
			HV	NV
Co-management	Carlsson and Berkes (2005)	Deliberation	++	−
		Joint learning
		Negotiation
		Governance
INRM	Gottret and White (2001); Merrey et al. (2005)	Poverty reduction	++	±
		Food security
		Environmental sustainability
		Sustainable livelihoods
IWRM	J⊘nch-Clausen and Fugl (2001)	Coordination	++	±
		Economic efficiency
		Social equity
		Environmental sustainability
IEM	Margerum (1999)	Stakeholder collaboration	++	+
		Public involvement
Interactive water management	Van Ast (1999)	Interactive dialogue watersystem and society	+	+
		Active participation
		Adaptive approach to ecosystem processes
IRBM	Jaspers (2003); Gilman et al. (2004)	Coordination stakeholder interests	+	+
		Maximise (long-term) social and economic goals
		Maintenance native biodiversity
Adaptive water management	Hunt (2000)	Flexible management responses	+	++
		Learning cycle
		Monitoring ecosystem responses
Ecologically sustainable water management	Richter et al. (2003)	Ecological integrity	+	++
		Maintaining intergenerational human needs
Ecosystem management	Grumbine (1994); Sparks (1995)	Ecological integrity	±	++
		Maintaining viable populations and ecological processes
		Accomodation human uses
Adaptive environmental assessment and management	Grayson et al. (1994)	System dynamics	−	++
		Fundamental variability
+ and − symbols indicate (degree of) emphasis on either perspective (HV/NV – human-/natural viewpoint).

Table 2. Key policy plans in the development of water management and their primary elements of integration.

			System									Interests			Control and administration
Year	Main policy documents	Preparatory and/or partial	System analytic approach	Quality/quantity	Vertical connectivity	Longitudinal connectivity	Water system - ecological	(Region-oriented) Catchment	Ecosystem functioning	Short–term, Long–term planning	Environment, society, economy	User functions	Nature value of water systems	Consideration of social values in	Integration across policy domains	Vertically integrated management	Water as structuring spatial	Participation stakeholders	Coherence of measeures	Integration among assessment	Integration legislative instruments
1968	First policy  document  Water  management^a
1975		Indicative long-range  programme water  I, II, III^b
1984	Second policy document  water management^c
1985		Dealing with water^d
1989	Third policy  document water  management^e  INCLUDING:
1993	Evaluation of  third policy  document water  management^f
1997		Room for the river^g
1998	Fourth policy document  water management^h
2000		Water framework directive^i
2000		Dealing with water  differently^j
2000	Fifth policy document  Spatial planning^k
2003		National administrative  agreement water^l
2004		Policy document Space^m
2004		Integration  waterlegislation^n
^aRijkswaterstaat 1968; ^bVROM 1975–1985; ^cV&W 1985a; ^dV&W 1985b; ^eV&W 1989; ^fRIZA & RIKZ 1993; ^gV&W and VROM 1997; ^hV&W 1998; ^iEuropean Commission 2000; ^jV&W 2000; ^kVROM 2000; ^lNational Administrative Agreement 2003; ^mVROMs 2004; ^nV&W 2004.
Different shadings are used to indicate the developments pertaining to the system, interests and control and administration. European WFD is included because its policies are obligatory for Dutch water policy.

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