The effects of moisture sources and local parameters on the ¹⁸O and ²H contents of precipitation in the west of Iran and the east of Iraq

Figures & data

Fig. 1. The main air masses influencing Iran and Iraq and their directions (a) and the precipitation sampling points in the study region (b).

Fig. 2. The land use map of the study region.

Table 1. The meteorological characteristics of the west of Iran (based on the data of the meteorological stations in Sanadaj, Kermanshah, Ilam, Marivan, Paveh, Ghasreh Shirin, and Dareh Shahr).

Name	Type of meteorological station	utm x	utm y	Elevation	Average elevation (m)	Temperature (°C)					Precipitation (mm)
						Fall	Winter	Spring	Summer	Annual	Fall	Winter	Spring	Summer	Annual
Eslam Abad Garb (EAG)	Synoptic	635,264	3,776,063	1350	1528	10.9	2.8	15.9	25.5	13.8	146.9	211.5	94.9	2.6	455.9
Ghasr-e-Shrin (GSh)	Supplementary	553,552	3,817,752	355	466	19.3	11.7	25.0	33.6	22.4	133.8	175.0	61.0	0.3	370.1
Kangavar (Kan)	Synoptic	773,924	3,821,639	1445	1835	10.3	2.2	15.6	25.1	13.3	129.1	151.4	99.6	2.4	382.6
Krend (Krd)	Automatic	615,076	3,792,431	1510	1518	12.2	4.8	16.4	26.2	14.9	146.4	251.7	137.9	1.3	537.3
Kermanshah (KSh)	Synoptic	697,747	3,803,058	1311	1625	11.6	3.8	16.3	26.2	14.5	126.9	185.7	122.9	1.5	437.0
Paveh (PV)	Automatic	623,119	3,879,421	1462	1460	12.6	4.4	17.2	27.8	15.5	224.1	341.0	191.2	3.6	759.9
Ravansar (RS)	Synoptic	651,090	3,842,862	1345	1585	12.2	3.4	16.6	27.6	15.0	138.5	230.3	151.6	0.9	521.2
Sarpol-e-Zehab (SPZ)	Synoptic	579,611	3,812,394	554	1005	16.9	9.4	22.3	31.5	20.0	132.1	196.4	84.0	0.8	413.3
Sumar (Sum)	Supplementary	560,109	3,749,410	301	507	20.9	13.1	26.4	35.3	23.9	69.8	107.5	53.4	1.2	231.9

Fig. 3. The schematic picture of a rainwater collector and the procedure for sampling the stable isotopes.

Table 2. The variations of precipitation, temperature, δ¹⁸O, δ²H, and d-excess in the studied stations in Iran and Iraq.

Location	Date	Precipitation (mm)		Temperature (°C)		δ^18O		δ^2H		d-excess (‰)	LMWL (‰)
EAG	19 February 2015	20.70	465.00	6.30	10.34	−5.07	−4.12	−22.19	−21.82	11.15	δ^2H = 6.24 δ^18O + 8.8
	20 March 2015	46.50		5.90		−7.86		−43.24
	20 April 2015	58.10		10.50		−5.99		−31.14
	21 May 2015	9.70		17.40		−4.03		−11.55
	22 October 2015	3.40		19.00		−4.36		−11.49
	21 November 2015	266.20		10.00		−2.62		−15.58
	21 December 2015	60.40		3.30		−5.76		−26.02
GSh	19 February 2015	13.60	320.40	13.10	16.95	−2.42	−2.89	−0.75	−14.39	8.75	δ^2H = 7.32 δ^18O + 12.33
	20 March 2015	43.10		14.00		−6.07		−26.44
	20 April 2015	15.00		18.70		0.00		10.45
	21 June 2015	3.40		25.70		4.31		46.64
	21 November 2015	204.80		17.60		−2.67		−17.27
	21 December 2015	40.50		12.60		−2.44		−5.88
Kan	19 February 2015	27.60	397.40	6.10	6.99	−2.21	−5.36	−2.90	−29.14	13.72	δ^2H = 7.64 δ^18O + 14.63
	20 March 2015	26.90		5.90		−6.05		−33.64
	20 April 2015	75.00		10.50		−2.70		−0.55
	21 November 2015	194.90		9.20		−5.81		−36.82
	21 December 2015	73.00		2.60		−7.81		−46.28
Krd	19 February 2015	27.30	665.60	6.80	9.00	−3.49	−6.68	−6.19	−32.52	20.95	δ^2H = 6.89 δ^18O + 15.65
	20 March 2015	68.50		6.60		−9.23		−48.16
	20 March 2015	68.50		6.60		−7.77		−40.66
	20 April 2015	67.00		10.60		−2.74		−0.94
	21 May 2015	7.60		16.70		−0.99		7.65
	21 November 2015	347.20		10.70		−6.52		−34.43
	21 December 2015	79.50		5.00		−9.23		−43.19
KSh	19 February 2015	5.60	340.60	7.30	12.57	−2.17	−4.79	−9.55	−29.79	8.50	δ^2H = 5.96 δ^18O − 0.18
	20 March 2015	22.80		7.40		−2.47		−12.18
	20 April 2015	49.90		12.30		−2.36		−4.50
	21 May 2015	6.90		19.30		−2.38		−9.04
	21 June 2015	3.50		26.00		2.88		15.64
	21 November 2015	203.80		11.00		−5.66		−39.45
	21 December 2015	48.10		4.70		−5.90		−32.09
PV	19 February 2015	77.60	731.20	7.90	12.48	−4.82	−6.33	−17.04	−33.65	16.98	δ^2H = 6.96 δ^18O + 11.9
	20 March 2015	63.40		8.10		−7.28		−39.40
	20 April 2015	68.40		12.10		−5.76		−24.95
	21 May 2015	14.20		19.50		−1.50		−1.51
	22 October 2015	9.80		21.80		0.52		16.02
	21 November 2015	416.20		11.50		−6.91		−39.92
	21 December 2015	81.60		6.50		−6.20		−31.86
RS	19 February 2015	32.40	526.70	6.30	10.93	−3.13	−7.18	−10.17	−42.86	14.61	δ^2H = 5.86 δ^18O + 2.76
	20 March 2015	49.80		6.80		−6.65		−41.40
	20 April 2015	57.60		17.70		−5.43		−27.69
	22 October 2015	3.30		19.90		7.54		44.41
	21 November 2015	315.00		10.20		−8.34		−53.81
	21 December 2015	68.60		4.70		−6.37		−26.07
SPZ	19 February 2015	17.70	409.60	10.40	14.60	0.02	−4.03	6.86	−15.90	16.34	δ^2H = 5.66 δ^18O + 7.87
	20 March 2015	53.80		12.00		−2.43		−5.16
	20 April 2015	27.10		16.50		−2.71		−5.65
	21 May 2015	3.70		23.40		−5.34		−22.38
	21 November 2015	255.60		15.30		−4.70		−20.67
	21 December 2015	51.70		10.00		−4.35		−16.18
Sum	20 March 2015	38.40	357.40	15.40	18.17	−4.53	−0.34	−15.71	−13.67	13.85	δ^2H = 5.61 δ^18O + 8.32
	20 April 2015	18.40		24.00		1.09		14.48
	21 November 2015	235.40		19.20		−3.64		−17.55
	21 December 2015	65.20		14.10		−3.34		−6.43
Mar	15 December 2010					−7.8	−8.03	−47.48	−43.17	21.1
	15 January 2011					−8.27		−38.87
	15 December 2011					−7.86	−7.25	−45.26	−45.03	12.96
Sol	15 January 2012					−6.56		−44.73
	15 March 2012					−7.33		−45.11
	15 December 2011					−5.78	−5.42	−29.3	−28.0	15.36
Dyl	15 January 2012					−5.0		−26.2
	15 March 2012					−5.48		−28.5

Fig. 4. The moisture sources of precipitation from December 2011 to March 2012 and from March 2015 to December 2015 in the study region detected using the backward trajectories of the HYSPLIT model (% demonstrates the frequency of the trajectories).

Fig. 5. The spatial distribution of the vertically integrated moisture flux over the water bodies which provide moisture for precipitation in Iran and Iraq (from 1981 to 2015).

Fig. 6. The seasonal and total developed MWLs for the study region and comparing them with GMWL and EMMWL.

Fig. 7. The correlation of the content of δ¹⁸O in precipitation with the variations of the precipitation amount (a) and temperature (b) in the study region.

Fig. 8. The predicted values of δ²H and δ¹⁸O (A and C) and their corresponding error values (B and D) for the study region.

Table 3. δ¹⁸O and δ²H of precipitation in the study region based on the outputs of the predictive model.

Dependent variable	Model	Predicted value (map)			Residual (map)			Adjusted R^2
		Min	Mean	Max	Min	Mean	Max
δ^18O	δ^18O (‰) = −0.003E − 2.43 + e	−10.95	−6.02	−2.80	−1.35	0.96	0.03	0.75
δ^2H	δ^2H (‰) = −0.017E − 8.56 + e	−64.21	−32.44	−10.45	−12.06	−0.21	4.98	0.72

Fig. 9. The correlation between the δ¹⁸O content in precipitation and the elevation variations of the sampling stations in the study region.

Fig. 10. Plotting the surface water resources in the study region on the developed seasonal and total MWLs.

Table 4. The δ¹⁸O and δ²H contents of surface water resources in the study region.

Row	Surface water ID	Type	δ^18O (‰)	δ^2H (‰)	d-excess (‰)	References
1	Havassan	River	−4.0	−25.7	6.1	Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)
2	Kanishirin	River	−4.1	−26.3	6.8	Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)
3	Cahmsaree	River	−3.5	−25.5	2.6	Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)
4	Dare Zangene	River	−4.0	−28.0	4.1	Khalaj Amirhosseini (2011)
5	P.Solaiman	River	−5.9	−34.6	12.2	Osati et al. (2014)
6	Aran	River	−6.2	−35.2	14.2	Osati et al. (2014)
7	Doab	River	−6.3	−36.0	14.0	Osati et al. (2014)
8	Haidar Abad	River	−6.0	−32.2	15.4	Osati et al. (2014)
9	Faraman	River	−5.7	−32.2	13.2	Osati et al. (2014)
10	Holailan	River	−5.1	−28.8	11.8	Osati et al. (2014)
11	Ramavand	River	−6.6	−32.0	20.8	Masjedi et al. (1995)
12	Seymareh	River	−5.9	−29.4	17.4	Masjedi et al. (1995)
13	Tangsyab	River	−5.1	−28.8	12.4	Masjedi et al. (1995)
14	Zarivar	Lake	5.5	16.9	−26.9	Mohammadzadeh and Ebrahimpour (2012)

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