A 30-year follow-up of substance misusers in Sweden – differences in predictors of mortality between women and men

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of background factors. Numbers (N) and percent (%).

	Men		Women		Total
	N	%	N	%	N	%
Foreign background^a	104	13.0	41	11.4	145	12.5
Out-of-home care before teen^a	286	35.7	99	27.4	385	33.1
Not finished primary school^a	156	19.4	96	26.6	252	21.7
Age at exit from treatment^b (baseline age)
−19 yrs	47	5.9	54	15.0	101	8.7
20–29 yrs	465	58.0	231	64.0	696	59.8
30+ yrs	290	36.2	76	21.0	366	31.5
In life^a
Care for drug and/or alcohol abuse	566	70.6	262	72.6	828	71.2
Psychiatric care and/or suicide attempts	317	39.5	188	52.1	505	43.4
Have had a nonfatal overdose	373	46.5	171	47.4	544	46.8
Previous imprisonment^b
Missing information	40	5.0	31	8.6	71	6.1
Yes	419	52.2	59	16.3	478	41.1
No	343	42.8	271	75.1	614	52.8
Children^b
Missing information	110	13.7	56	15.5	166	14.3
No children	445	55.5	172	47.6	617	53.1
Children without custody	206	25.7	83	23.0	289	24.8
Children with custody	41	5.1	50	13.9	91	7.8
Abuse last 12 months before intake^b
Alcohol	188	23.4	67	18.6	255	21.9
Cannabis	187	23.3	52	14.4	239	20.6
Stimulants	277	34.5	137	38.0	414	35.6
Opiates	105	13.1	77	21.3	182	15.6
Other	45	5.6	28	7.8	73	6.3
Source of income last 12 months before intake^b
Missing information	17	2.1	11	3.0	28	2.4
Disability pension/sick leave/welfare	244	30.4	135	37.4	379	32.6
Crime	369	46.0	98	27.1	467	40.2
Prostitution	4	0.5	52	14.4	56	4.8
Other	168	20.9	65	18.0	233	20.0
Daily contact with friends last 12 months^b
Missing information	35	4.4	24	6.6	59	5.1
No	132	16.5	70	19.4	202	17.4
With non-addicts	67	8.4	22	6.1	89	7.7
With addicts	469	58.5	215	59.6	684	58.8
Both with addicts & non-addicts	99	12.3	30	8.3	129	11.1
Own housing last 12 months before intake^a	308	38.4	164	45.4	472	40.6
Partner at the time of intake^b
Missing information	8	1.0	5	1.4	13	1.1
No	568	70.8	203	56.2	771	66.3
Yes, with addiction	85	10.6	117	32.4	202	17.4
Yes, without addiction	141	17.6	36	10.0	177	15.2
Treatment factors^a
Drop-out incl. ‘thrown out’	367	45.8	177	49.0	544	46.8
Acute/detox intake	160	20.0	82	22.7	242	20.8
Total number	802		361		1163

^a Percent with that specific attribute.

^b Categories sum up to total number (100%).

Table 2. Mortality risks: Cox regression (HR)^a.

	Men				Women
	Univariate		Multivariate		Univariate		Multivariate
	HR	p-value	HR	p-value	HR	p-value	HR	p-value
Out-of -home care before teen^a	1.17	.14	1.09	.47	1.63	<.05	1.11	.71
Not finished primary school^a	1.14	.30	1.02	.90	2.09	<.01	1.58	.11
In life^a
Care for drug and/or alcohol abuse	1.37	<.05	1.16	.33	2.17	<.01	1.50	.27
Psychiatric care and/or suicide attempts	1.26	<.05	1.18	.15	1.44	.11	1.29	.35
Have had a nonfatal overdose	1.52	<.01	1.25	.06	1.60	<.05	1.19	.52
Previous imprisonment
Missing information	0.86	.58	0.76	.54	1.88	.06	2.22	.09
Yes	0.92	.45	0.98	.88	2.07	<.01	2.30	<.01
No	ref.		ref.		ref.		ref.
Children
Missing information	1.43	.19	1.43	.24	2.51	<.05	1.93	.25
No children	1.27	.33	1.24	.43	2.10	.07	1.88	.19
Children without custody	1.33	.27	1.13	.65	2.70	<.05	2.55	<.05
Children with custody	ref.		ref.		ref.		ref.
Abuse last 12 months before intake
Alcohol	1.40	<.05	1.45	<.05	1.77	<.05	2.14	<.05
Cannabis	0.86	.33	1.02	.93	0.48	.14	0.56	.30
Stimulants	ref.		ref.		ref.		ref.
Opiates	2.11	<.01	1.93	<.01	1.68	.06	1.07	.85
Other	1.14	.59	1.02	.95	1.23	.61	0.82	.73
Source of income last 12 months before intake
Disability pension, sick leave or welfare	1.29	.10	1.16	.39	1.25	.51	1.03	.94
Crime	1.38	<.05	1.20	.30	1.44	.30	1.23	.65
Prostitution	0.73	.76	0.41	.38	2.34	<.05	1.61	.34
Other	ref.		ref.		ref.		ref.
Daily contact w ith friends last 12 months
Nor w. addicts or non-addicts	1.56	<.05	1.66	<.05	1.05	.92	0.79	.67
W. n-a. but not w. addicts	1.08	.77	1.24	.47	1.72	.37	2.01	.29
W. addicts but not w. n-a	1.59	<.05	1.72	<.05	1.73	.24	1.20	.71
W. both addicts & non-addicts	ref.		ref.		ref		ref.
Partner at the time of intake
No	1.00	.97	0.73	<.05	1.51	.31	1.42	.44
Yes, with addiction	1.52	<.05	1.07	.75	1.41	.41	1.34	.53
Yes, without addiction	ref.		ref.		ref.		ref.
Treatment factors^a
Drop-out from treatment incl. ‘thrown out’	1.37	<.01	1.43	<.01	1.11	.61	1.08	.76
Acute/detox intake	1.32	<.05	1.54	<.01	1.68	<.05	1.82	.06
Total number in models			724				316

^a Dummy variables.

p-values on 0.05-level or lower are marked in bold.