The effect of consumption of soy foods on metabolic syndrome in women: a case study from peri-urban Qwa-Qwa, South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1: MetS classification of the women before and after the intervention.

Table 1: Descriptive statistics: anthropometric and biochemical parameters measured

Variable	Unit of measure	Normal range	MetS group(n = 48, 53.3%)		Non-MetS group(n = 42, 46.7%)		ANCOVA
			BaselineMean±SD	Follow-upMean±SD	BaselineMean±SD	Follow-upMean±SD	ɳ ^2 ԍ(p)
WC	cm	< 88	0.97±0.09^a,b	0.97±0.10^c	0.82±0.12^a,d	0.89±0.12^b,d	0.019 (0.201)
Serum glucose	mmol/l	< 5.5	7.14±5.59^a,b	4.38±4.15^b	4.68±1.37^a	3.42±1.32	0.013 (0.320)
HDL-C	mmol/l	> 1.3	0.95±0.66	1.42±0.49	0.87±0.53	1.47±0.64	0.000 (0.871)
LDL-C	mmol/l	< 4.1	4.39±2.03^a	6.35±2.53^b	3.49±1.70^a,c	5.18±2.32^b,c	0.001 (0.777)
Serum triglycerides	mmol/l	< 1.7	2.75±0.85^a	2.38±1.21	2.07±0.79^a	1.9±1.00	0. 004 (0.572)
Systolic blood pressure	mm Hg	< 130	130.67±20.51^a,b	137.19±25.58^b	119.19±14.60^a	128.07±18.16	0.096(0.003)
Diastolic blood pressure	mm Hg	< 85	87.80±11.79^a,b	89.54±16.97^b	82.31±13.01^a	87.05±19.21	0.008 (0.413)

Notes: ^a,b,c in the same row refer to statistically significant differences between the variables p ≤ 0.05 (independent [between groups] and paired [within groups] t-test for equality of variances).

Table 2: Analysis of 24-h recall: daily mean intakes of the women (n = 90)

Dietary intake variable	Unit of measure	MetS group (n = 48, 53.3%)				Non-MetS group (n = 42, 46.7%)		ANCOVA	DRI ^18 / WHO guidelines ^20
		Baseline Mean±SD		Follow-up Mean±SD		Baseline Mean±SD	Follow-up Mean±SD	ɳ ^2 ԍ (p)
Total energy (TE)	kJ	3758±1716^a	4504±2177^a		3678±2231^b		4489±2758^b	0.024 (0.146)	7999 EER
Total protein	g	38±18^a	39±16^a		37±22^b		40±24^b	0.001 (0.388)	46
Plant protein	g	14±8^a	17±10^a		15±13^b		16±10^b	0.043 (0.047)
Total animal protein	g	25±19^a	23±14^a		23±19^b		24±18^b	0.000 (0.867)
Total dietary fat	g	28±22^a(28.2%)	35±28^a (29.4%)		23±16^b(23.6%)		33±33^b(27.8%)	0.002 (0.703)	30–35% total E
Dietary cholesterol	mg	110.7±130.0^a	171.0±216.3^a		83.4±94.8		114.5±191.8	0.000 (0.957)	< 300 mg
Carbohydrate	g	113±56^a	141±63^a		120±91^b		143±81^b	0.031 (0.103)	100
Dietary fibre	g	9±6^a	10±6^a		11±10^b		10±5^b	0.032 (0.096)	25

Notes: Estimated energy requirements (EER) based on mean ± SD age for the total group was 46 ± 13 years, with mean ± SD height, weight and BMI of 1.6 ± 0.1 m, 76.5 ± 16.5 kg and 30.0 ± 6.4 kg/m² respectively with moderate activity levels.¹⁸

^a,b,c in the same row refer to statistically significant differences between the variables p ≤ 0.05 (independent [between groups] and paired [within groups] t-test for equality of variances).

DRI = dietary reference intakes as represented by the estimated average requirement for females aged 31-50 years old, and adequate intake (AI)# where no EAR is available.¹⁸

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