Diet quality of adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus at a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic in Tshwane District, South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1: Participants’ characteristics (n = 77)

Characteristic	Group	Values
		Mean (±SD)
Age	All	57.2 (6.6)
	Female	57.1 (6.6)
	Male	57.9 (6.8)
HbA1c	All	10.45 (1.9)
BMI (kg/m^2)	All	34.3 (5.4)
	Female	34.85 (5.7)
	Male	32.6 (3.5)
		n (%)
Ethnicity	Black African	44 (57.1)
	White	18 (23.4)
	Coloured	8 (10.4)
	Indian	7 (9.1)
Gender	Female	60 (77.9)
	Male	17 (22.1)
Education level	Primary school	4 (5.2)
	High school	68 (88.3)
	Tertiary	5 (6.5)
Employment status	Not employed	53 (68.3)
Diabetes medication	Oral hypoglycaemics (OHAs)	3 (3.9)
	Insulin	27 (35.1)
	OHAs + Insulin	47 (61.0)
Co-morbidities	Hypertension	74 (96.1)
	Heart diseases	23 (29.9)
	Dyslipidaemia	46 (59.7)
	Nephropathy (GFR > 15 ml/min per 1.73 m^2)	9 (11.7)
	Non-proliferative retinopathy	4 (5.2)
Lifestyle	Alcohol	7 (18.0)
	Smoking	4 (10.3)
	Dietary supplements	10 (13.0)
Dietitian consultation	Yes	61 (79.2)

Table 2: Ten most commonly consumed foods by participants over the two-day period (n = 77)

Food items	Consumption over 2 days (% participants)
Chicken	74.0
Tea	72.3
Brown bread	71.4
Margarine	59.7
White rice	59.7
Potatoes	51.9
Full-cream milk	48.1
Maize porridge (sifted)	46.8
Tomatoes	46.8
Sugar	42.9
Onions	45.5
Apples	41.6
Low-fat milk	39.0
Coffee	37.7

Table 3: Mean energy and macronutrient intake and NAR values of participants (n = 77)

Factor	Male (n = 17)		Female (n = 60)		Male and female
	Intake (±SD)	NAR (±SD)	Intake (±SD)	NAR (±SD)	Intake (±SD)
Energy (kJ)	7649.54 (±1914.82)	0.69 (±0.17)	6070.88 (±2006.96)	0.66 (±0.22)	6887.63 (±1998.86)
Total fibre (g)	20.04 (±11.40)	0.54 (±0.31)	17.86 (±7.72)	0.48 (±0.21)	19.73 (±8.82)
Total sugar* (g)	28.11 (±19.75)	–	32.40 (±17.84)	–	31.41 (±17.89)
Protein (g)	72.32 (±22.87)	0.97 (±0.31)	63.28 (±23.41)	0.90 (±0.33)	68.56 (±22.01)
Fats* (g)	51.94 (±24.50)	–	43.82 (±19.65)	–	46.50 (±20.70)
Saturated fats* (g)	15.90 (±9.11)	–	13.53 (±0.79)	–	14.73 (±6.97)

*No RDI exists.

Table 4: Participants’ micronutrient intake and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) averaged over two days (n = 77)

Factor		Male		Female		Males and females
		Intake (±SD)	NAR (±SD)	Intake (±SD)	NAR (±SD)	Intake (±SD)
Minerals	Ca (mg)	416.93 (±306.59)	0.42 (±0.31)	461.56 (±231.31)	0.46 (±0.23)	473.44 (±229.01)
	Fe (mg)	11.33 (±11.57)	0.39 (±0.40)	8.34 (±3.52)	0.29 (±0.12)	9.85 (±6.24)
	Mg (mg)	285.27 (±133.35)	1.30 (±0.61)	246.38 (±86.10)	1.12 (±0.39)	283.14 (±106.42)
	Zn (mg)	9.98 (±3.51)	2.04 (±0.72)	8.43 (±3.74)	1.72 (±0.76)	9.16 (±3.68)
Fat-soluble vitamins	Vitamin A (µg)	344.39 (±390.58)	0.69 (±0.78)	729.75 (±1411.27)	1.46 (±2.82)	650.43 (±1199.60)
	Vitamin D (µg)	2.24 (±1.79)	0.22 (±0.18)	2.31 (±2.33)	0.23 (±0.22)	2.19 (±2.09)
	Vitamin E (mg)	7.03 (±5.37)	0.94 (±0.72)	6.78 (±5.37)	0.90 (±0.72)	7.76 (±4.84)
	Vitamin K	52.92 (±67.54)	0.96 (±1.23)	101.85 (±132.70)	1.85 (±2.41)	97.92 (±176.92)
Water-soluble vitamins	Vitamin C (mg)	52.49 (±57.51)	1.17 (±1.28)	61.98 (±98.50)	1.38 (±2.19)	70.52 (±190.08)
	Thiamine (mg)	1.26 (±0.77)	1.05 (±0.64)	0.95 (±0.45)	0.79 (±0.35)	1.06 (±0.42)
	Riboflavin (mg)	0.98 (±0.76)	0.76 (±0.58)	1.04 (±0.67)	0.80 (±0.51)	1.11 (±0.65)
	Niacin (mg)	18.40 (±9.62)	1.15 (±0.60)	16.46 (±6.05)	1.03 (±0.38)	18.53 (±7.69)
	Vitamin B6 (mg)	1.13 (±0.69)	0.87 (±0.53)	1.07 (±0.54)	0.83 (±0.41)	1.14 (±0.48)
	Folate (µg)	160.20 (±73.75)	0.40 (±0.18)	171.10 (±129.67)	0.43 (±0.32)	164.14 (±72.56)
	Vitamin B12 (µg)	2.83 (±1.88)	1.18 (±0.79)	5.18 (±12.39)	2.16 (±5.16)	4.83 (±11.46)

Figure 1: Proportion of participants (n = 77) who consumed each of the seven food groups over two days.