‘Immune-inflammatory markers & clinical characteristics for outcomes in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of Pakistan: a retrospective analysis’

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19.

Variable	All patients (n = 476)	Non severe group (n = 267)	Severe group (n = 209)	p-value
Gender n (%)				0.596
Male	280 (58.8)	151 (56.8)	129(61.7)
Female	196 (41.2)	116 (43.2)	80(38.3)
Age n (%) (years)				<0.001
18–25	18(3.8)	14 (5.3)	4(1.9)
26–33	51(10.7)	38 (14.2)	13(7.1)
34–42	109(22.9)	69(26.0)	40(19.0)
43–50	129(27.1)	84(31.7)	45(21.3)
51–60	59(12.4)	26(9.8)	33(15.6)
>−60	110(23.1)	36(13.0)	74(35.1)
Clinical outcomes
Hypertension	128(26.8)	75(28.08)	53(25.3)	<0.001
Diabetes Mellitus	115(24.15)	64(23.9)	51(24.4)	<0.001
Ischemic Heart Disease	44(9.24)	20(7.4)	24(11.4)	0.018
Liver Diseases (HBV+ve, HCV+ve, CLD	29(6.09)	18(6.74)	11(5.26)	0.005
Asthma	29(6.09)	14(5.2)	15(7.17)	<0.001
Post-TB	27(5.67)	12(4.4)	15(7.17)	<0.001
COPD	24(5.04)	11(4.1)	13(6.2)	<0.001
Hyperthyroidism	12(2.52)	8(2.9)	04(1.91)	0.023
Multiple diseases	53(11.1)	32(11.9)	21(10.0)	<0.001
No disease identified	15(3.15)	13(4.8)	02(0.95)	0.087
Symptoms (%)				<0.001
Asymptomatic	40%	59%	11%	0.003
Dry cough	17%	11%	19%	<0.001
Shortness of breath	16%	15%	31%	<0.001
Myalgia	9%	5%	8%	<0.001
Fever	7%	3%	13%	0.005
Loss of smell, taste	5%	3%	7%	0.037
Nasal congestion	4%	2%	5%	<0.001
Arthralgia	2%	2%	6%	0.076

‡ Chi-Square test.

Table 2. Shows immune inflammatory markers among severe cases.

Inflammatory markers	SI unit	Reference range^†	Number of patients	Patients’ data**	t	p-value
CRP	mg/L	<3	358	57.25 ± 57.92	13.181	<0.001
LDH	U/L	120–246	328	885.54 ± 492.56	19.949	<0.001
Ferritin	µg/L	Male = 18–350 Female (15–49) = 12–156 >49 = 18–204	334	825.32 ± 739.1	10.482	<0.001
IL-6	pg/ml	<5.9	328	38.54 ± 13.819	40.031	<0.001
Procalcitonin	µg/L	°Less than 0.1 µg/L	277	0.96 ± 1.07	9.230	<0.001
ESR	mm/hr	Male ≤20 Female ≤ 30	384	32.9 ± 21.39	11.886	<0.001
NLR	_	<3	376	11.16 ± 9.47	15.440	<0.001

§ One sample t-test.

†Reference range refers to standard values in normal healthy adults set by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons Canada [19].

**Mean ± standard deviation.

*p ≤ 0.001.

°In healthy adults, PCT reference value is below the level of detection.

Figure 1. shows ROC curves of the immune inflammatory markers according to the severity in COVID-19 patients.

Figure 2. shows Ferritin, LDH and NLR values distribution around mean.

Figure 3. shows Ferritin, LDH and NLR values distribution around mean.

Table 3. Shows optimal cut-off values according to severity in critical COVID-19 patients 95% Confidence Interval.

Markers	AUC	Cut off value	Sensitivity	Specificity	Lower bound	Upper bound
IL-6	0.934	43 pg/mL	91.7	90.3	0.904	0.963
LDH	0.843	266.7 U/L	84.6	81.9	0.782	0.879
Procalcitonin	0.869	0.23 µg/L	82.5	81.8	0.825	0.912
NLR	0.871	2.99	89.8	88.4	0.828	0.914
CRP	0.883	11.9 mg/L	89.3	86.6	0.843	0.924
Ferritin	0.811	370 µg/L	74.6	84.1	0.736	0.844
ESR	0.835	55 mm/hr	82.4	80.7	0.799	0.892

Figure 4. shows Ferritin, LDH and NLR values distribution around mean.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.