Association between high galectin expression and poor prognosis in hematologic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of literature screening procedure in the meta-analysis.

Figure 2. Risk of graph and risk of bias summary of the eligible literatures.

Table 1. The main characteristics of the eligible literatures included in the meta-analysis (n = 11). Studies are ordered by author names.

Study ID	Region	Cancer type	Galectin type	Sample size	Sample type	Detection method	Follow-up (months)	Cut-off value	Outcome end-point	Data sources
Asayama 2017	Japan	MDS	Gal-9	40	PB	ELISA	<25	10 ng/mL	OS	Report in the article
Cheng 2013	China	AML	Gal-3	320	BM	qRT-PCR	<200	50%	OS	Kaplan-Meier curve
Gao 2017	China	AML	Gal-3	106	PB	ELISA	<100	50%	OS + RFS	Kaplan-Meier curve
Gao 2017	China	AML	Gal-3	208	PB	ELISA	<100	50%	OS	Kaplan-Meier curve
Holst 2020	Denmark	NHL	Gal-1	163	Tissue	IHC	<60	90%	OS	Kaplan-Meier curve
Kamper 2011	Denmark	CHL	Gal-1	143	Tissue	IHC	<240	50%	OS + EFS	Report in the article
Koh 2014	South Korea	CHL	Gal-3	110	Tissue	IHC	<240	10%	OS + EFS	Report in the article
Lee 2021	South Korea	MM	Gal-9	109	BM	qRT-PCR	<108	1%	OS	Report in the article
Ruvolo 2019	America	AML	Gal-3	205	PB + BM	Other methods	<156	NA	OS	Kaplan-Meier curve
Wang 2022	China	AML	Gal-3	88	PB	qRT-PCR	<80	5.89 ng/mL	OS + DFS	Kaplan-Meier curve
Wdowiak 2019	Poland	CLL	Gal-3/9	52	PB	Other methods	<50	75%	OS	Kaplan-Meier curve

MDS = myelodysplastic syndrome, AML = acute myeloid leukemia, NHL = non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CHL = classic Hodgkin lymphoma, MM = multiple myeloma, CLL = chronic lymphocytic leukemia, PB = peripheral blood, BM = bone marrow, NA = not available, OS = overall survival, RFS = relapse-free survival, EFS = event-free survival, DFS = disease-free survival.

Figure 3. Forest plots of the association between galectin expression with overall survival (OS). HR stands for hazard ratio, while CI indicates confidence interval.

Figure 4. Sensitivity analysis for OS in this meta-analysis.

Figure 5. Funnel plot of publication bias of included studies.

Figure 6. Forest plots of the association between galectin expression with (A) disease-free survival (DFS) and (B) event-free survival (EFS).

Figure 7. Forest plots of the subgroup analysis of cancer types (A), galectin types (B), sample types (C) and detection methods (D). MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome, AML: acute myeloid leukemia, NHL: non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CHL: classic Hodgkin lymphoma, MM: multiple myeloma, CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, PB: peripheral blood, BM: bone marrow.

Data availability

The data could be obtained by contacting corresponding author.