Diabetes distress and related factors in South African adults with type 2 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the total study sample

Factor	n	%
Educational level
Some high school or Grade 12	304	75.81
Post Grade 12	97	24.19
Employment
Employed	183	45.64
Unemployed	114	28.43
Retired or homemaker	104	25.94
Ethnic groups
White	24	6.00
Black	100	24.90
Coloured	3	0.75
Indian	274	68.33
Gender
Male	158	39.40
Female	243	60.60
Marital status
Never married	53	13.20
Married	276	68.80
Separated/divorced	24	6.00
Widowed	48	12.00
Sector
Public	201	50.12
Private	200	49.88

Table 2: Characteristics of the Diabetes Distress Scale by gender, sector, marital status, educational level, ethnic group and employment

Factor	DDS n (%)	p-value^*
Educational level
Some high school or Grade 12	135 (44.41)	0.712
Post Grade 12	41 (42.27)
Employment
Unemployed	60 (52.63)	0.001
Employed	87 (47.54)
Retired or homemaker	29 (27.88)
Ethnic groups
White	4 (16.67)	< 0.001
Black	45 (45.00)
Coloured	2 (66.67)
Indian	125 (45.62)
Gender		< 0.001
Male	55 (34.81)
Female	121 (49.79)
Marital status
Never married	30 (56.60)	< 0.001
Married	109 (39.49)
Separated/divorced	15 (62.50)
Widowed	22 (45.83)
Sector
Public	101 (50.25)	< 0.001
Private	75 (37.50)

* Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test used to compare categorical variables.

Table 3: Factors affecting diabetes-related distress

Characteristic	Crude (univariate)			Adjusted (multivariable)
	OR	95% CI	p-value	OR	95% CI	p-value
Female	1.77	[1.02; 3.09]	0.041^*	1.55	[0.95; 2.54]	0.081
Age	0.98	[0.96; 1.01]	0.250	0.96	[0.94; 0.98]	0.001^*
Duration	0.99	[0.96; 1.03]	0.792	1.03	[1.00; 1.01]	0.037^*
Married	0.47	[0.28; 0.79]	0.005^*	0.55	[0.32; 0.95]	0.032^*
Employed	0.64	[0.37; 1.12]	0.116	0.50	[0.28; 0.88]	0.017^*
Indian ethnic group	0.65	[0.38; 1.09]	0.103	2.15	[1.22; 3.77]	0.008^*
HbA1C	1.05	[1.00; 1.11]	0.041^*	1.04	[1.00; 1.09]	0.062

Notes: OR  = odds ratio; CI  = confidence interval.

^* p < 0.05.

Figure 1: Shapley decomposition (attributability) values for identified factors in descending order (decreasing relative importance based on the regression model).