Study-to-sports spillover among competitive athletes: a field study

Figures & data

Figure 1. The hypothesised study-sports spillover model. Note: Dashed squares indicate observed variables based on factor scores.

Table 1. Step 1: goodness-of-fit statistics for confirmatory factor analyses of the measurement models.

Variable	χ^2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR
Cognitive crafting	0.33	4	1.000	1.023	0.000	0.005
Crafting social resources	5.09	4	0.996	0.989	0.034	0.021
Crafting challenging demands	4.09	4	1.000	0.999	0.010	0.017
Positive affect	86.27***	32	0.926	0.896	0.085	0.052
Study engagement	59.91***	23	0.943	0.910	0.082	0.048

Notes: χ²: chi-square; df: degrees of freedom; CFI: comparative fit index; TLI: Tucker–Lewis index; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation; SRMR: root mean square residual.

***p < .001.

Table 2. Means, standard deviations, and correlations of the study variables.

Variable	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6
1. Cognitive crafting	5.32	0.95
2. Crafting social resources	4.31	1.19	.26***	–
3. Crafting challenging demands	4.02	1.24	.36***	.38***	–
4. Positive affect	5.07	0.84	.13	.20*	.30***	–
5. Study engagement	4.20	0.95	.30***	.18*	.47***	.47***	–
6. Self-rated training performance	7.15	1.41	.06	.04	.03	.23*	.09	–
7. Coach-rated training performance	7.22	1.76	–.11	.05	–.06	.10	–.11	.35***

Note: We used factor scores for variable 1–5 and observed scores for variable 6 and 7.

*p < .05.

***p < .001.

Figure 2. Step 2: path model of the study-sports spillover model. Notes: Path coefficients are presented as standardised coefficients, standard errors in parentheses. Dashed squares indicate observed variables based on factor scores. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 3. Results of the bootstrapped standardised indirect effects.

Predictor	Via	Outcome	β	SE	95%-CI
Cognitive	Positive affect	SR performance	0.002	0.015	−0.027; 0.030
Social	Positive affect	SR performance	0.023	0.016	−0.008; 0.053
Challenging	Positive affect	SR performance	0.059*	0.029	0.001; 0.116
Cognitive	Positive affect	CR performance	0.001	0.012	−0.022; 0.025
Social	Positive affect	CR performance	0.019	0.014	−0.009; 0.047
Challenging	Positive affect	CR performance	0.049	0.027	−0.003; 0.102
Cognitive	Study engagement	SR performance	−0.002	0.011	−0.024; 0.020
Social	Study engagement	SR performance	0.000	0.001	−0.002; 0.003
Challenging	Study engagement	SR performance	−0.006	0.031	−0.067; 0.055
Cognitive	Study engagement	CR performance	−0.031	0.016	−0.062; 0.000
Social	Study engagement	CR performance	0.002	0.014	−0.026; 0.030
Challenging	Study engagement	CR performance	−0.087*	0.036	−0.157; −0.017

Notes: Cognitive: cognitive study crafting; Social: crafting social study resources; Challenging: Crafting challenging study demands; SR: self-rated; CR: coach-rated.

*p < .05.

Figure A1. Visual representation of Step 1 measurement model of cognitive study crafting.

Figure A2. Visual representation of Step 1 measurement model of crafting social study resources.

Figure A3. Visual representation of Step 1 measurement model of crafting challenging study demands.

Figure A4. Visual representation of Step 1 measurement model of positive affect.

Figure A5. Visual representation of Step 1 measurement model of study engagement.

Data availability statement

The data and R scripts are available upon request from the corresponding author.