Does loving a group mean hating its rivals? Exploring the relationship between ingroup cohesion and outgroup hostility among soccer fans

Figures & data

Table 1. Linear regressions of fans’ self-reported behaviour (main effects only).

Predictor	B	SE	β	t	p
	Outgroup hostility
Intercept	2.55	.22	–	11.77	< .001
Age	−0.003	.01	-.02	−0.56	.574
Gender	−0.77	.14	-.22	−5.42	< .001
Fusion	0.38	.05	.33	7.89	< .001
	Ingroup altruism
Intercept	2.92	.33	–	8.81	< .001
Age	−0.003	.01	-.01	−0.33	.739
Gender	0.68	.22	.12	3.12	.002
Fusion	0.97	.07	.51	13.22	< .001
	Intergroup difference
Intercept	3.07	.42	–	7.25	< .001
Age	−0.02	.01	-.05	−1.3	.196
Gender	1.85	.28	.28	6.68	< .001
Fusion	0.68	.09	.30	7.28	< .001

Figure 1. Fans’ desire for future outgroup hostility, by age, fusion, and high vs. low threat.

Table 2. Linear regression with desired outgroup hostility (DV) and age, gender, fusion and threat (IVs).

	Desired outgroup hostility
	B	SE	β	t	p
Intercept	2.03	0.28		7.32	< .001
Age	−0.001	0.01	−0.01	−0.16	.870
Gender	−0.73	0.18	−0.24	−4.07	< .001
Fusion	0.43	0.19	0.42	2.27	.024
Threat (high vs. low)	−0.23	0.39	−0.08	−0.6	.550
Age x fusion	−0.01	0.01	−0.15	−2.42	.016
Age x threat	0.01	0.01	0.07	1.21	.228
Gender x fusion	−0.15	0.12	−0.22	−1.21	.226
Gender x threat	0.11	0.25	0.06	0.43	.667
Fusion x threat	0.7	0.26	0.12	0.64	.525
Age x fusion x threat	0.02	0.01	0.19	3.15	.002
Gender x fusion x threat	−0.02	0.17	−0.09	−0.53	.596