Gender-based violence in sport: prevalence and problems

Figures & data

Figure 1. Overview of available research about GBV in sport in EU Member States at the time of the research. The numbers indicate the number of studies identified per country.

Table

Country	Reference
Belgium	Vanden Auweele, Y., Opdenacker, J., Vertommen, T., Boen, F., Van Niekerk, L., De Martelaer, K., & De Cuyper, B. (2008). Unwanted sexual experiences in sport: Perceptions and reported prevalence among Flemish female student-athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(4), 354–365.
Belgium	Kinderrechtencommissariaat (2011). Geweld, gemeld en geteld. Aangevelingen in de aanpak van geweld tegen kinderen en jongeren. Brussels: Kinderrechtencommissariaat.
Belgium and the Netherlands	Vertommen, T., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N., Wouters, K., Kampen, J. K., Brackenridge, C. H., Rhind, D. J. A., Neels, K., & van den Eede, F. (2016). Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 223–236.
Croatia	Bosnar, K., Greblo, Z., Prot, F., & Sporiš, G. (2007). Iskustvo sportaša adolescentne dobi s nasilnim ponašanjem trenera i drugih sportaša. In U V. Kolesarić (Ed.), Psihologija i nasilje u suvremenom društvu (pp. 159–168). Osijek: Tiskara i knjigovežnica Filozofskog fakulteta u Osijeku.
Czech Republic	Fasting, K., & Knorre. N (2005). Women in sport in the Czech Republic. Oslo & Prague: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences/ Czech Olympic Committee.
Czech Republic	Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Knorre, N. (2010). Performance level and sexual harassment prevalence among female athletes in the Czech Republic. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 19(1), 26–32.
Czech Republic and Greece	Fasting, K., Chroni, S., & Knorre, N. (2014). The experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education among European female sports science students. Sport, Education and Society, 19, 115–130.
Denmark	Nielsen, J. T. (2001). The forbidden zone: Sexual relations and misconduct in the relationship between coaches and athletes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 36(2), 165–182.
Denmark	Helweg-Larsen, K. (2003). Seksuelle kraenkelser af børn og unge inden for idraet: Den aktuelle forekomst og forebyggelse. Copenhagen: Ministry of Culture.
Denmark	Nielsen, J. T. (2004). Idraettens Illusoriske Intimitet (Doctoral dissertation). University of Copenhagen.
Denmark	Stoeckel, J. T. (2010). Athlete perceptions and experiences of sexual abuse in intimate coach-athlete relationships. In C. Brackenridge & D. Rhind (Eds.), Elite child athlete welfare: International perspectives (pp. 93–100). London: Brunel University Press.
France	Choquet, M. (2001). Jeunes et pratique sportive. L'activité sportive à l'adolescence. Les troubles et conduites associées. Paris: Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports-INJEP.
France	Jolly, A. & Décamps, G. (2006). Les agressions sexuelles en milieu sportif: Une enquête exploratoire. Sciences et Motricité, 57(1), 105–121.
France	Décamps, G., Afflelou, S., & Jolly, A. (2008). Etude des violences sexuelles dans le sport en France: Contextes de survenance et incidences psychologique. Paris: Ministère de la Santé, des Sports, de la Jeunesse et de la Vie Associative.
Finland	Kokkonen, M. (2012). Seksuaali- ja sukupuolivähemmistöjen syrjintä urheilun ja liikunnan parissa. Helsinki: National Sports Council/ Ministry of Education and Culture.
Finland	Laukkanen, L. (2015). Ratsastuksen Reilu Peli – Lajin eettiset periaatteet, nykytila ja tavoitteet. Häme University of Applied Sciences, Mustiala, Finland.
Germany	Mueller, U. (2007). Sexuelle gewalt und übergriffe: Ein thema für den sport? In B. Rulofs (Ed.), Schweigen schützt die Falschen: Sexualisierte gewalt im sport – Situationsanalyse und Handlungsmöglichkeiten (pp. 9–18). Duesseldorf: Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Germany	Stadler, L., Bieneck, S., & Pfeiffer, C. (2012). Representative survey sexual abuse 2011. Hannover: Lower Saxony Criminological Research Institute.
Germany	Fegert, J., Rassenhofer, M., Schneider, T., Koenig, L., Seitz, A., Liebhardt, H., Kliemann, A., & Sproeber, N. (2012). Hearing those affected: Results of the accompanying research for the telephone contact point of the Independent Commissioner Concerning Questions of Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 111–129). In S. Andresen & W. Heitmeyer (Ed.), Destructive processes: Disrespect and sexual violence against children and adolescents in institutions. Weinheim & Basel: Beltz Juventa.
Germany	Hopf, H. [n.d.]. “Gott sei Dank, bei uns nicht relevant!”. Retrieved from http://www.nlv-la.de/admin/upload/files/StudieNLV2013.pdf
Greece	Chroni, S., & Fasting, K. (2009). Prevalence of male sexual harassment among female sport participants in Greece. Inquiries in Physical Education and Sport, 7(3), 288–296.
Hungary	UNICEF Budapest (2014). Gyermekek tapasztalata a sportban. Budapest: UNICEF Budapest.
Ireland	Denison, E., & Kitchen, A. (2015). Out on the fields: Ireland summary report. Sydney: Repucon.
Latvia	TNS Latvia (2015). Tiesībsarga pētījums par vardarbības izplatību pret bērniem Latvijā. Rīga: TNS Latvia.
Netherlands	Romijn, D., Kalmthout, J. van., Breedveld, K. & Lucassen, J. (2013). VSK-monitor 2013. Voortgangsrapportage Actieplan ‘Naar een veiliger sportklimaat’. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.
Netherlands	Romijn, D., Kalmthout, J. van & Breedveld, K. (2014). VSK-monitor 2014. Voortgangsrapportage Actieplan ‘Naar een veiliger sportklimaat’. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.
Netherlands	Romijn, D., Kalmthout, J. van, & Breedveld, K. (2015). VSK-monitor 2014 Voortgangsrapportage Actieplan ‘Naar een veiliger sportklimaat’. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.
Netherlands	Vertommen, T., Schipper-van Veldhoven, N., Hartill, M. J., & van den Eede, F. (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: the NOC*NSF Helpline. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50, 822–839.
Netherlands	s.n. (2016). Rapportage Auditcommissie Seksuele Intimidatie over het jaar 2015 (Internal report). Arnhem: NOC*NSF.
Netherlands	Groenestein, T. & van der Linden, C. (2011). Beleving mannelijke teamsport door niet-heteroseksuele mannen. Amsterdam: Motivaction.
Netherlands	Elling, A., Smits, F., Hover, P., & van Kalmthout, J. (2011). Seksuele diversiteit in de sport: sportdeelname en acceptatie. Utrecht: Mulier Institute.
Netherlands	Elling, A. (2014). Homo-acceptatie in de sport: Factsheet. Utrecht: Mulier Institute.
Netherlands	Elling, A., & van den Dool, R. (2009). Homotolerantie in de sport. Utrecht: Mulier Institute. Retrieved from https://www.kenniscentrumsport.nl/publicatie/?homotolerantie-in-de-sport&kb_id=6591
Netherlands	Tiessen-Raaphorst, A., & Breedveld, K. (2007). Een gele kaart voor de sport. Een quick scan naar wenselijke en onwenselijke praktijken in en rondom de breedtesport. The Hague: Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau.
Netherlands	Tiessen-Raaphorst, A., Lucassen, J., Dool, van den R., & Kalmthout, J. van (2008). Weinig over de schreef: Een onderzoek naar onwenselijk gedrag in de breedtesport. The Hague: Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau.
Norway, Czech Republic and Greece	Fasting, K., Chroni, S., Hervik, S. E., & Knorre, N. (2011). Sexual harassment in sport towards females in three European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46, 76–89.
Norway, Czech Republic and Greece	Sand, T. S., Fasting, K., Chroni, S., & Knorre, N. (2011). Coaching behaviour: Any consequences for the prevalence of sexual harassment? International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching, 6, 229–242.
Slovakia	Fico, M. (2013). Prevalencia násilia páchaného na deťoch v Slovenskej republike. Bratislava: Inštitút pre výskum práce a rodiny.
Spain	Martín Horcajo, M. & Juncà Pujol, A. (2014). L'assetjament sexual a l'esport: el cas de les estudiants-esportistes del grau de Ciències de l'Activitat Física i l'Esport de Catalunya. Apunts Educació Física i Esports, (115), 72–81.
Sweden	Johansson, S. (2012). Kunskapsöversikt: Sexuella övergrepp – i relationen mellan tränare och idrottsaktiv. Stockholm: Swedish Sports Confederation.
United Kingdom	Alexander, K., Stafford, A., & Lewis, R. (2011). The experiences of children participating in organised sport in the UK. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh/NSPCC.

Table

Reference	Country	Prevalence rate
Fasting, K., & Knorre. N. (2005). Women in sport in the Czech Republic. Oslo & Praha: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences and the Czech Olympic Committee.	Czech Republic	45%
Décamps, G., & Jolly, A. (2006). Les agressions sexuelles en milieu sporti: Une enquête exploratoire. Sciences et Motricité, 57 (1).	France	4%–10% (4% for boys & 10% for girls)
Mueller, U. (2007). Sexual violence and abuse: A topic for sport?! In B. Rulofs (Ed.), Silence protects the wrong people: Sexualised violence in sport – Situation analysis and opportunities for action (pp. 9–18). Duesseldorf: Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia.	Germany	7.1%
Vanden Auweele, Y., Opdenacker, J., Vertommen, T., Boen, F., Van Niekerk, L., De Martelaer, K., & De Cuyper, B. (2008). Unwanted sexual experiences in sport: Perceptions and reported prevalence among Flemish female student‐athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(4), 354–365.	Belgium	2%–50%
Décamps, G., Afflelou, S., & Jolly A. (2008). Etude des violences sexuelles dans le sport en France: Contextes de survenance et incidences psychologique. Paris: Ministère de la Santé, des Sports, de la Jeunesse et de la Vie Associative.	France	3.4%–4.3% (3.4% for males & 4.3% for females)
Chroni, S., & Fasting, K. (2009). Prevalence of male sexual harassment among female sport participants in Greece. Inquiries in Physical Education and Sport, 7(3), 288–296.	Greece	64%
Fasting, K. Brackenridge, C., & Knorre, N. (2010). Performance level and sexual harassment prevalence among female athletes in the Czech Republic. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 19(1), 26–32.	Czech Republic	45%
Fasting, K. et al. (2011). Sexual harassment in sport towards females in three European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46(1), 76–89.	Czech Republic, Greece & Norway	11%–31% (24% in Norway, 42% in the Czech Republic & 44% in Greece)
Sand, T. S., Fasting, K., Chroni, S., & Knorre, N. (2011). Coaching behaviour: Any consequences for the prevalence of sexual harassment? International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching, 6, 229–242.	Greece	11%–31%
Elling, A., Smits, F., Hover, P., & Kalmthout, J. van (2011). Seksuele diversiteit in de sport: Sportdeelname en acceptatie. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.	Netherlands	1%–3% (1% for women & 3% for men)
Alexander, K., Stafford, A., & Lewis, R. (2011). The experiences of children participating in organised sport in the UK. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh/NSPCC.	UK	29% (17% for men & 34% for women)
Romijn, D., Kalmthout, J. van., Breedveld, K. & Lucassen, J. (2013). VSK-monitor 2013. Voortgangsrapportage Actieplan ‘Naar een veiliger sportklimaat’. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.	Netherlands	5%
Fasting, K., Chroni, S., & Knorre, N. (2014). The experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education among European female sports science students. Sport, Education and Society, 19, 115–130.	Greece	34%
Romijn, D., Kalmthout, J. van & Breedveld, K. (2014). VSK-monitor 2014. Voortgangsrapportage Actieplan ‘Naar een veiliger sportklimaat’. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.	Netherlands	3%–6%
UNICEF Budapest (2014). Gyermekek tapasztalata a sportban. Ed. Sz. Gyurkó. Budapest: UNICEF Budapest.	Hungary	31%
Martín, M., & Juncà, A. (2014). L’assetjament sexual a l’esport: el cas de les estudiants-esportistes del grau de Ciències de l’Activitat Física i l’Esport de Catalunya. Apunts Educació Física i Esports, (115), 72–81.	Spain	32.7%
Laukkanen, L. (2015). Ratsastuksen Reilu Peli – Lajin eettiset periaatteet, nykytila ja tavoitteet. Häme University of Applied Sciences, Mustiala, Finland.	Finland	4%
Romijn, D., Kalmthout, J. van & Breedveld, K. (2015). VSK-monitor 2014 Voortgangsrapportage Actieplan ‘Naar een veiliger sportklimaat’. Utrecht: Mulier Instituut.	Netherlands	1%–3%

Table

Mueller, U. (2007). Sexual violence and abuse: A topic for sport?! In B. Rulofs (Ed.), Silence protects the wrong people: Sexualised violence in sport – Situation analysis and opportunities for action (pp. 9–18). Duesseldorf: Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia.	Germany	3.8%^1
Décamps, G., Afflelou, S., & Jolly A. (2008). Etude des violences sexuelles dans le sport en France: Contextes de survenance et incidences psychologique. Paris: Ministère de la Santé, des Sports, de la Jeunesse et de la Vie Associative.	France	12% (13% for females & 10% for males)
Kinderrechtencommissariaat (2011). Geweld, gemeld en geteld. Aangevelingen in de aanpak van geweld tegen kinderen en jongeren. Brussels: Kinderrechtencommissariaat.	Belgium	10%
Stadler, L., Bieneck, S., & Pfeiffer, C. (2012). Representative survey of sexual abuse 2011. Hannover: Lower Saxony Criminological Research Institute.	Germany	0.6%–4.2%^2
Johansson, S. (2012). Kunskapsöversikt: Sexuella övergrepp – I relationen mellan tränare och idrottsaktiv. Stockholm: Riksidrottsförbundet.	Sweden	5.4%
Fico, M. (2013). Prevalencia násilia páchaného na deťoch v Slovenskej republike. Bratislava: Inštitút pre výskum práce a rodiny.	Slovakia	0.2%
TNS Latvia (2015). Tiesībsarga pētījums par vardarbības izplatību pret bērniem Latvijā. Riga: TNS/Latvijas Republikastiesibsargs.	Latvia	2%–3% (2% for contact sexual violence and 3% for non-contact sexual violence)
Vertommen, T. et al., (2016). Interpersonal violence against children in sport in the Netherlands and Belgium. Child Abuse and Neglect. 51, 223–236.	Netherlands & Belgium	14% (12% in the Netherlands & 17% in Belgium)

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