Associations between perfectionism and symptoms of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in young people: a meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Prisma 2020 flow diagram of the screening process.

Note: n = number of studies.

Table 1. Study characteristics.

First author/year	Country	Design	Sample type	Sample size	Female (%)	Age range (years)	Mean age (years)	Measure of perfectionism	Measure of anxiety	Measure of depression	Measure of OCD
Abdollahi (2019)	Malaysia	Cross-sectional	University students	450	59%	18–24	19.34	APS-R	LSAS	X	X
Abdollahi and Abu Talib (2015)	Iran	Cross-sectional	High school students	520	47%	15–21	17.25	APS-R	TAS	X	X
Abdollahi et al. (2018)	Malaysia	Cross-sectional	University Students	509	55%	19–24	20.18	APS-R	X	BDI	X
Affrunti and Woodruff-Borden (2016)	USA	Cross-sectional	Children	61	46%	7–13	9.2	CAPS	BAI	BDI	X
Afshara et al. (2011)	Iran	Cross-sectional	School students	793	50%	ND	M = 14.9 F = 15	PANPS	RCMAS	CDI	X
Aldahadha and Balsamo (2018)	Jordan	Cross-sectional	University students	487	48%	ND	19.12	PANPS	DASS-21	DASS-21	X
Arana and Furlan (2016)	Argentina	Cross-sectional	University students	277	81%	ND	23.91	APS-R	GTAI	X	X
Ashby et al. (2011)	ND	Cross-sectional	Middle school students	153	61%	11–15	12.9	APS-R	X	KDI	X
Athulya et al. (2016)	India	Cross-sectional	University students	192	69%	ND	21.22	FMPS	DASS-21	DASS-21	X
Bardone-Cone et al. (2017)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	441	100%	17–24	18.7	FMPS	STAI	X	X
Besharat et al. (2014)	Iran	Cross-sectional	University students	300	52%	ND	19.7	TMPS	RAAS	CES-D	X
Brown and Kocovski (2014)	ND	Intervention	Students	104	69%	ND	18.58	FMPS, HMPS	LSAS	BDI	X
Buzzai et al. (2020)	Italy	Cross-sectional	High school students	272	56%	ND	12.8	APS-R	MeMa	X	X
Chai et al. (2020)	China	Cross-sectional	University students	918	63%	ND	19.78	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Chang (2013)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	532	58%	ND	20.04	FMPS	BAI	BDI	X
Chang et al. (2011)	USA	Cross-sectional	Latino students	121	100%	ND	19.78	FMPS	BAI	BDI	X
Cheng et al. (1999)	China	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	947	59%	13–18	14.76	FMPS	DASS	DASS	X
Christopher and Shewmaker (2010)	USA	Cross-sectional	Children	240	42%	7–14	ND	CAPS	RCMAS	CDI	X
Cooks and Ciesla (2019)	USA	Intervention	University students	125	74%	ND	19	FMPS, HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Damian et al. (2017)	Romania	Longitudinal	High school students	489	54%	12–19	15.9	CAPS, FMPS	SCARED	X	X
Demirtas-Zorbaz (2020)	Turkey	Cross-sectional	High school students	640	42%	14–18	ND	PANPS	SASA	X	X
Diamond et al. (2012)	Israel	Intervention	University students	96	100%	22–24	ND	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Dittner et al. (2011)	UK	Intervention	University students	436	71%	ND	20.4	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Einstein et al. (2000)	Australia	Intervention	High school students	772	66%	15–24	17.6	HMPS	DASS-21	DASS-21	X
Erozkan et al. (2011)	Turkey	Cross-sectional	High school students	598	51%	ND	16	FMPS	X	BDI	X
Etherson et al. (2022)	UK	Longitudinal	University students	181	48%	ND	20.34	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Eum and Rice (2011)	USA	Intervention	University students	134	62%	18–23	19.08	APS-R	CTS	X	X
Eum and Rice (2021)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	213	75%	ND	20	APS-R	X	X	YBOCS
Fedewa et al. (2005)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	230	76%	ND	19.8	PANPS	STAI	X	X
Ferrari et al. (2018)	Australia	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	541	82%	13–15	14.08	CAPS	X	SMFQ	X
Flett et al. (1991)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	164	62%	ND	20.99	HMPS	X	BDI	X
Flett et al. (2003)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	94	81%	ND	21.3	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Flett et al. (2005)	Israel	Cross-sectional	Community sample	420	26%	ND	23.5	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Flett, Coulter, et al. (2011)	USA	Cross-sectional	Primary students	81	54%	ND	12.8	CAPS	X	CES-D	X
Flett, Panico, et al. (2011)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	73	53%	16–18	16.8	CAPS	X	CDI	X
Flett, Druckman, et al. (2012)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	58	43%	ND	15.3	CAPS	X	CES-D	X
Flett, Galfi-Pechenkov, et al. (2012)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	246	63%	ND	20.3	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Flett, Hewitt, et al. (2012)	Canada	Cross-sectional	High school students	250	57%	ND	15.98	CAPS	X	CES-D	X
Flett, Coulter, et al. (2012)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Primary students	88	55%	ND	12.99	CAPS	SASC-R	X	X
Flett et al. (2016)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	191	55%	ND	20.5	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Fredrick et al. (2017)	USA	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	168	50%	11–15	12.59	APS-R	RCMAS	CDI	X
Frost et al. (1994)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students with or without OCD	44	100%	17–23	ND	FMPS	X	X	MOCI, CACR, OTC
Graham et al. (2010)	Canada	Longitudinal	University students	240	83%	ND	20	FMPS, HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Grenon et al. (2020)	Canada	Longitudinal	High school students	648	51%	12–14	ND	PANPS	CBC	X	X
Harris et al. (2008)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	96	70%	ND	21.21	FMPS	X	BDI	X
Hewitt et al. (2014)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Clinically depressed adolescents	55	75%	13–19	15.53	CAPS	X	BDI	X
Hewitt et al. (2002)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Children	114	61%	10–15	12.3	CAPS	CMAS	CDI	X
Hewitt and Flett (1991)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	104	69%	ND	22.1	HMPS	SCL	SCL	SCL
Hewitt et al. (2022)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Children	107	62%	8–15	11.5	CAPS	X	PHQ	X
Hibbard and Davies (2011)	USA	Cross-sectional	Universitystudents	231	74%	ND	20.62	FMPS	X	BDI	X
Hinterman et al. (2012)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	232	49%	ND	19.6	PANPS	X	CCDAS	X
Núñez-Peña and Bono (2021)	Spain	Intervention	University students	251	84%	ND	F = 21.74, M = 21.08	FMPS	SMARS	X	X
Karababa (2020)	Turkey	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	639	55%	11–14	12.8	PANPS	STAI	X	X
Kenney Benson and Pomerantz (2005)	USA	Intervention	Children	104	50%	7–10	8.21	CAPS	X	CES-D	X
J. Klibert et al. (2014)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	413	66%	ND	20.3	HMPS	BSI	BSI	X
J. J. Klibert et al. (2005)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	475	71%	ND	20.9	HMPS	CCAS	BDI	X
La Rocque et al. (2016)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	503	85%	ND	18.26	HMPS	X	BDI	X
Lee et al. (2020)	China	Cross-sectional	High school students	605	53%	16–18	ND	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Leenaars and Lester (2007)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	117	72%	ND	23.2	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Levine et al. (2019)	Canada	Longitudinal	High school students	174	63%	12–17	14.54	FMPS	CCAS	BSD	X
Liu et al. (2022)	China	Cross-sectional	University students	454	36%	16–21	18.51	APS-R	X	BDI	X
Luyckx et al. (2008)	Belgium	Cross-sectional	University students	192	79%	ND	18.2	FMPS	X	CES-D	X
Macedo et al. (2017)	Portugal	Cross-sectional	University students	258	80%	ND	19.26	FMPS, HMPS	POMS	POMS	X
Mackinnon et al. (2014)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	165	76%	ND	20.75	HMPS	DSA	DDM	X
Mackinnon et al. (2012)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	452	50%	ND	21.66	HMPS, FMPS	X	CES-D	X
Magson et al. (2019)	Australia	Cross-sectional	Primary students	510	50%	ND	11.2	CAPS	SCAS	SMFQ	X
Martin et al. (1996)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	179	60%	ND	20.54	HMPS	X	BDI	X
McGrath et al. (2012)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	240	83%	ND	20	DEQ, EDI-P, FMPS	X	CES-D	X
McWhinnie et al. (2009)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Children	140	51%	6–14	ND	CDAS	X	CDI	X
Menatti et al. (2013)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	167	100%	ND	19.16	FMPS	SIAS	X	X
Mohammadian et al. (2018)	Iran	Cross-sectional	University students	131	77%	ND	22.4	FMPS	LSAS	X	X
Moser et al. (2012)	USA	Cross-sectional	Twins	292	100%	ND	20.92	FMPS	STAI	X	X
Nakano (2009)	Japan	Cross-sectional	University students	249	100%	ND	18.4	APS-R	X	SRDS	X
Nealis et al. (2020)	Canada	Intervention	University students	127	72%	ND	21	HMPS, FMPS, DEQ	X	CES-D	X
Nepon et al. (2011)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	155	81%	ND	20.7	HMPS	LSAS	CES-D	X
O’Connor et al. (2010)	UK	Longitudinal	Adolescents	737	50%	ND	15.2	CAPS	HADS	HADS	X
Ortega et al. (2014)	USA	Cross-sectional	Latino students	207	76%	ND	21.13	APS-R	STAI	CES-D	X
Patock-Peckham and Corbin (2019)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	419	79%	ND	20.19	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Plominski and Burns (2018)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students (honours and non-honours)	1027	72%	ND	Honours = 20.7, non-honours = 21.3	PANPS	STAI	CES-D	X
Reyes et al. (2015)	USA	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	173	62%	13–17	15.09	CAPS	X	BDI	X
Rice et al. (2006)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	403	56%	17–20	ND	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Rice and Pence (2006)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	308	78%	ND	20.15	APS-R, FMPS, HMPS	X	X	BSI
Rice, Ashby, et al. (2007)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	207	74%	ND	19.38	APS-R, FMPS, HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Rice, Leever, et al. (2007)	USA	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	141	57%	12–16	13.25	AMPS	X	RADS	X
Rice et al. (2008)	USA	Cross-sectional	Chronically ill adolescents	94	63%	12–17	13.5	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Rousseau et al. (2018)	Israel	Cross-sectional	Children	180	61%	ND	8.1	FMPS	RCMAS, SCAS	X	X
Rudolph et al. (2007)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	100	82%	ND	20.2	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
D. L. Sherry et al. (2015)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	269	48%	ND	19.26	HMPS	X	BDI	X
S. B. Sherry et al. (2013)	Canada	Longitudinal	University students	127	78%	18–24	18.31	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
S. B. Sherry et al. (2014)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	302	73%	ND	20.84	HMPS, FMPS, DEQ	MASQ	MASQ	X
Shu et al. (2020)	Australia	Cross-sectional	Community sample	267	100%	14–19	17.8	CPQ, FMPS	RCADS	RCADS	X
Shumaker and Rodebaugh (2009)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	511	70%	ND	19.3	FMPS, APS	SIAS, BSAM	X	X
Sironic and Reeve (2012)	Australia	Cross-sectional	High school students	105	59%	ND	17.4	APS-R	DASS	DASS	X
Sironic and Reeve (2015)	Australia	Cross-sectional	High school students	938	62%	ND	16.26	FMPS, APS-R, CAPS	DASS	DASS	X
Smith et al. (2017)	China and Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	1034	76%	ND	19.1	HMPS, FMPS	DASS	DASS	X
Smith, Vidovic, et al. (2018)	Canada	Longitudinal	University students	143	79%	ND	19.9	HMPS	X	BDI	X
Soenens et al. (2008)	Belgium	Longitudinal	Adolescents	677	50%	15–18	15.65	FMPS	X	CES-D	X
Soreni et al. (2014)	Canada	Cross-sectional	Adolescents with OCD	94	52%	9–17	13.2	CAPS	X	CDI	Child Y-BOCS
Steffen (2014)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	1025	63%	ND	20.4	FMPS	STAI	BDI	X
Stoeber et al. (2013)	UK	Cross-sectional	University students	210	78%	ND	20.5	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Stornaes et al. (2019)	Norway	Cross-sectional	Adolescents	832	53%	13–14	ND	FMPS, CAPS	RCADS	RCADS	X
Sturman et al. (2009)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	170	100%	ND	19.9	HMPS, FMPS	X	CES-D	X
Tan and Chun (2014)	Singapore	Cross-sectional	High school students	225	100%	14–15	ND	APS-R	AEQ	X	X
Tong and Lam (2011)	China	Cross-sectional	Children	59	48%	9–11	9.98	CAPS	X	CES-D	X
Vicent, Gonzálvez, et al. (2019)	Ecuador	Cross-sectional	High school students	1588	39%	12–18	14.83	CAPS	IAEP	X	X
Vicent et al. (2020)	Ecuador	Cross-sectional	High school students	1562	54%	12–17	14.83	CAPS	DASS	DASS	X
Vicent, Inglés, et al. (2019)	Spain	Cross-sectional	Primary students	1809	50%	8–11	9.53	CAPS	IAEP	X	X
Walker et al. (2015)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	128	100%	18–23	ND	FMPS	STAI	BDI	X
K. T. Wang et al. (2016)	Russia	Cross-sectional	University students	183	67%	19–221	20.4	APS-Short	DASS	DASS	X
K. T. Wang et al. (2019)	Russia	Cross-sectional	University students	169	70%	18–23	19.6	APS-Short	DASS	DASS	X
K. T. Wang et al. (2009)	China	Cross-sectional	High school students	509	39%	14–21	16.6	APS-R	X	CES-D	X
Y. Wang and Zhang (2017)	China	Cross-sectional	University students	236	55%	ND	20.16	APS-R, FMPS, HMPS	STAI	BDI	X
Weiner and Carton (2012)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	172	49%	ND	20.01	FMPS	TAS	X	X
Wiebe and McCabe (2002)	Canada	Cross-sectional	University students	48	100%	18–22	20	HMPS	BAI	BDI	X
Wimberley and Stasio (2013)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	113	58%	ND	18.1	FMPS	POMS	POMS	X
Ye et al. (2008)	USA	Cross-sectional	Children with clinical OCD diagnosis	31	42%	7-18 yrs	11.77	AMPS	X	CDI	YBOCS
Yoon and Lau (2008)	USA	Cross-sectional	University students	140	79%	ND	19.8	FMPS	X	BDI	X
You and Yoo (2021)	Korea	Cross-sectional	University students	420	64%	ND	21.63	HMPS	X	CES-D	X
Zhang and Cai (2012a)	China	Cross-sectional	University students	412	55%	17–24	20.16	APS-R, FMPS, HMPS	X	BDI	X
Zhang and Cai (2012b)	China	Cross-sectional	University students	570	52%	17–24	19.8	APS-R	X	BDI	X
Zhang and Cai (2012c)	China	Cross-sectional	University students	292	55%	17–24	20.04	APS-R, FMPS, HMPS	X	BDI	X

Note: ND: statistics not reported; X: not applicable; M: Male; F: Female; CAPS: Children and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale; HMPS: Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; FMPS: Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; PANPS: Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale; APS-R: Almost Perfect Scale—Revised; AMPS: Adaptive/Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale; DEQ: Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; EDI-P: Eating Disorder Inventory—Perfectionism subscale; CDAS: Children’s Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale; LSAS: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; TAS: Test Anxiety Scale; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; RCMAS: Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale; GTAI: German Test Anxiety Scale; STAI: State Trait Anxiety Inventory; RAAS: Revised Adult Attachment Scale; SIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; MeMa: Evaluative metacognition, negative attitudes and mathematics anxiety; SCARED: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders; SASA: Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents; SCAS: Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale; CTS: Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale; SCAS-R: Social Anxiety Scale for Children—Revised; CBC: Child Behaviour Checklist; CMAS: Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale; SCL: Symptom Checklist-90; SMARS: Shortened Math Anxiety Rating Scale; BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory; CCAS: Costello-Comry Anxiety Scales; POMS: Profile of Mood States; DSA: Daily Social Anxiety; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; RCADS: Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale; BSAM: Brief State Anxiety Measure; AEQ: Academic Emotions Questionnaire; IAEP: School Anxiety Inventory; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CDI: Children’s Depression Inventory; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; KDI: Kandel Davies Inventory; CES-D: Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; DEQ: Depressive Experiences Questionnaire; SMFQ: Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire; PHQ: Patient Health Questionnaire; BSD: Brief Screen for Depression; DDM: Daily Depressed Mood; SRDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; RADS: Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale; MASQ: Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire; YBOCS: Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; MOCI: Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory; CACR: Compulsive Activity Checklist Revised; OTC: Obsessive Thoughts Checklist.

Table 2. Pooled correlations between perfectionism dimensions and symptoms.

	Perfectionistic concerns	Perfectionistic strivings
Anxiety
Pooled r [95% CI]	0.373 [0.307,0.439]**	0.054 [0.010,0.098]*
Heterogeneity [I^2 %]	Q(52) = 2431.086 [97.735%]**	Q(30) = 184.922 [82.87%]*
Egger’s z	−2.715*	−1.242
Pooled r without outlier [95% CI]	0.389 [0.326,0.452]**	0.066 [0.027,0.104]**
Test Anxiety
Pooled r [95% CI]	0.405 [0.306,0.504]**	−0.058 [−0.330,0.214]
Heterogeneity [I^2 %]	Q(7) = 107.155 [91.96%]**	Q(5) = 422.711 [98.268%]**
Egger’s z	0.121	0.617
Pooled r without outlier [95% CI]	0.440 [0.368,0.511]**	0.067 [−0.017,0.150]
Depression
Pooled r [95% CI]	0.400 [0.349,0.450]*	0.006 [−0.049,0.061]
Heterogeneity [I^2 %]	Q(94) = 3897.930 [97.360%]**	Q(61) = 1097.842 [94.285%]**
Egger’s z	−2.832*	0.142
Pooled r without outlier [95% CI]	No outliers	0.018 [−0.022,0.058]
OCD
Pooled r [95% CI]	0.420 [0.362,0.478]**	0.192 [0.109,0.275]**
Heterogeneity [I^2 %]	Q(5) = 4.334 [0.00%]	Q(3) = 4.905 [16.802%]
Egger’s z	0.529	1.744
Pooled r without outlier [95% CI]	No outliers	0.224 [0.137,0.312]**

Note: *.05, **.001; CI = confidence interval.

Table 3. Moderator analysis results for age and low-middle income country.

	B [95% CI]	SE
Perfectionistic concerns
Anxiety—Age moderator
Intercept	0.226[0.077, 0.374]*	0.076
Age (O13)	0.180[0.016, 0.345]*	0.084
Heterogeneity	Q(51) = 2225.135, p < .001, I^2 = 97.474%
Anxiety—Country Income status
Intercept	0.424 [0.310, 0.538]***	0.058
Income (High)	−0.070[−0.204, 0.065]	0.069
Heterogeneity	Q(49) = 1847.434, p < .001I^2 = 96.981%
Test Anxiety—Country income status
Intercept	0.433 [0.277,0.590]**	0.080
Income (High)	−0.047[−0.250,0.155]	0.103
Heterogeneity	Q(6) = 106.144, p < .001, I^2 = 91.336%
Depression—Age moderator
Intercept	0.322 [0.171, 0.472]**	0.077
Age (O13)	0.088 [−0.072, 0.247]	0.081
Heterogeneity	Q(93) = 3762.230, p < .001, I^2 = 97.272%
Depression—Country income status
Intercept	0.441 [0.345, 0.537]**	0.049
Income (High)	−0.047 [−0.154, 0.061]	0.055
Heterogeneity	Q(90) = 2676.277, p < .001, I^2 = 95.918%
Perfectionistic strivings
Anxiety
Intercept	0.055[−0.025, 0.135]	0.041
Income (High)	−0.008[−0.105, 0.089]	0.049
Heterogeneity	Q(28) = 171.549, p < .001 , I^2 = 81.524%
Test anxiety
Intercept	−0.095 [−0.474, 0.284]	0.193
Income (High)	0.075 [−0.466, 0.615]	0.276
Heterogeneity	Q(4) = 416.908, p < .001, I^2 = 98.350%
Depression
Intercept	0.009 [−0.105,0.123]	0.058
Income (High)	0.000 [−0.131,0.131]	0.067
Heterogeneity	Q(58) = 1055.371, p < .001, I^2 = 94.143%

Note: *.05, **.001; CI = confidence interval; Age (O13) = age coded for over 13 and under 13 samples (comparison); SE = Standard error.

Figure 2. Combined forest plot of the pooled correlations with perfectionistic concerns.

Note: Centre dot denotes the pooled correlation (r).

Figure 3. Combined forest plot of the pooled correlations with perfectionistic strivings.

Note: Centre dot denotes the pooled correlations.

Abdollahi, A. (2019). The association of rumination and perfectionism to social anxiety. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 82(4), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2019.1608783

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abdollahi, A., & Abu Talib, M. (2015). Emotional intelligence moderates perfectionism and test anxiety among Iranian students. School Psychology International, 36(5), 498–512. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034315603445

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Abdollahi, A., Hosseinian, S., & Asmundson, G. J. (2018). Coping styles mediate perfectionism associations with depression among undergraduate students. The Journal of General Psychology, 145(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2017.1421137

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Affrunti, N. W., & Woodruff-Borden, J. (2016). Negative affect and child internalizing symptoms: The mediating role of perfectionism. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(3), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0571-x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Afshara, H., Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Saadaty, A., Salehi, M., Motamedi, M., Matinpour, M., Isfahani, H. N., & Asadollahi, G. (2011). Positive and negative perfectionism and their relationship with anxiety and depression in Iranian school students. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 16(1), 79–86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063422/

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Aldahadha, B., & Balsamo, M. (2018). The psychometric properties of perfectionism scale and its relation to depression and anxiety. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1524324. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1524324

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Arana, F. G., & Furlan, L. (2016). Groups of perfectionists, test anxiety, and pre-exam coping in Argentine students. Personality & Individual Differences, 90, 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.001

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ashby, J. S., Dickinson, W. L., Gnilka, P. B., & Noble, C. L. (2011). Hope as a mediator and moderator of multidimensional perfectionism and depression in middle school students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 89(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00070.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Athulya, J., Sudhir, P. M., & Philip, M. (2016). Procrastination, perfectionism, coping and their relation to distress and self-esteem in college students. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 42(1), 82–91.

 Google Scholar

Bardone-Cone, A. M., Lin, S. L., & Butler, R. M. (2017). Perfectionism and contingent self-worth in relation to disordered eating and anxiety. Behavior Therapy, 48(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2016.05.006

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Besharat, M. A., Issazadegan, A., Etemadinia, M., Golssanamlou, S., & Abdolmanafi, A. (2014). Risk factors associated with depressive symptoms among undergraduate students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.02.002

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Brown, J. R., & Kocovski, N. L. (2014). Perfectionism as a predictor of post-event rumination in a socially anxious sample. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 32(2), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-013-0175-y

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Buzzai, C., Filippello, P., Puglisi, B., Mafodda, A. V., & Sorrenti, L. (2020). The relationship between mathematical achievement, mathematical anxiety, perfectionism and metacognitive abilities in Italian students. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2595

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chai, L., Yang, W., Zhang, J., Chen, S., Hennessy, D. A., & Liu, Y. (2020). Relationship between perfectionism and depression among Chinese college students with self-esteem as a mediator. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 80(3), 490–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222819849746

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chang, E. C. (2013). Perfectionism and loneliness as predictors of depressive and anxious symptoms in Asian and European Americans: Do self-construal schemas also matter? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(6), 1179–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9549-9

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Chang, E. C., Hirsch, J. K., Sanna, L. J., Jeglic, E. L., & Fabian, C. G. (2011). A preliminary study of perfectionism and loneliness as predictors of depressive and anxious symptoms in Latinas: A top-down test of a model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 441–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023255

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cheng, S. K., Chong, G. H., & Wong, C. W. (1999). Chinese frost multidimensional perfectionism scale: A validation and prediction of self-esteem and psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(9), 1051–1061. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199909)55:9<1051::AID-JCLP3>3.0.CO;2-1

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Christopher, M. M., & Shewmaker, J. (2010). The relationship of perfectionism to affective variables in gifted and highly able children. Gifted Child Today, 33(3), 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/107621751003300307

 Google Scholar

Cooks, J. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2019). The impact of perfectionism, performance feedback, and stress on affect and depressive symptoms. Personality & Individual Differences, 146(1), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.048

 Google Scholar

Damian, L. E., Negru-Subtirica, O., Stoeber, J., & Baban, A. (2017). Perfectionistic concerns predict increases in adolescents’ anxiety symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 30(5), 551–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1271877

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Demirtas-Zorbaz, S. (2020). The influence of perfectionism on social competence: Mediating role of social anxiety and academic competence. Contemporary School Psychology, 24(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-019-00231-6

 Google Scholar

Diamond, G. M., Greenbaum, M., Shelef, K., & Shahar, G. (2012). Perfectionism and goal setting behaviors: Optimizing opportunities for success and avoiding the potential for failure. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(4), 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.430

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Dittner, A. J., Rimes, K., & Thorpe, S. (2011). Negative perfectionism increases the risk of fatigue following a period of stress. Psychology & Health, 26(3), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440903225892

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Einstein, D. A., Lovibond, P. F., & Gaston, J. E. (2000). Relationship between perfectionism and emotional symptoms in an adolescent sample. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52(2), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530008255373

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Erozkan, A., Karakas, Y., Ata, S., & Ayberk, A. (2011). The relationship between perfectionism and depression in Turkish high school students. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(4), 451–464. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.4.451

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Etherson, M. E., Smith, M. M., Hill, A. P., Sherry, S. B., Curran, T., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2022). Perfectionism, mattering, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation in students: A test of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Personality & Individual Differences, 191(1), 100–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111559

 Google Scholar

Eum, K., & Rice, K. G. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 24(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.488723

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Eum, K., & Rice, K. G. (2021). Does generic metacognition explain incremental variance in O–C symptoms beyond responsibility and perfectionism? Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 28(1), 100–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100612

 Google Scholar

Fedewa, B. A., Burns, L. R., & Gomez, A. A. (2005). Positive and negative perfectionism and the shame/guilt distinction: Adaptive and maladaptive characteristics. Personality & Individual Differences, 38(7), 1609–1619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.026

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ferrari, M., Yap, K., Scott, N., Einstein, D. A., Ciarrochi, J., & van Amelsvoort, T. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PLos One, 13(2), e0192022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192022

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K. R., & Mosher, S. W. (1991). Perfectionism, self-actualization, and personal adjustment. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 147–160. https://www.proquest.com/openview/b8a4f729864f177ba61f0189e44e48c5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819046

 Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Besser, A., Davis, R. A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2003). Dimensions of perfectionism, unconditional self-acceptance, and depression. Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 21(2), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025051431957

 Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Besser, A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2005). Perfectionism, ego defense styles, and depression: A comparison of self-reports versus informant ratings. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1355–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00352.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Coulter, L. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Nepon, T. (2011). Perfectionism, rumination, worry, and depressive symptoms in early adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 26(3), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573511422039

 Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Panico, T., & Hewitt, P. L. (2011). Perfectionism, type a behavior, and self-efficacy in depression and health symptoms among adolescents: Research and reviews. Current Psychology, 30(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-011-9103-4

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Druckman, T., Hewitt, P. L., & Wekerle, C. (2012). Perfectionism, coping, social support, and depression in maltreated adolescents. Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 30(2), 118–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-011-0132-6

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Galfi-Pechenkov, I., Molnar, D. S., Hewitt, P. L., & Goldstein, A. L. (2012). Perfectionism, mattering, and depression: A mediational analysis. Personality & Individual Differences, 52(7), 828–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.041

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Demerjian, A., Sturman, E. D., Sherry, S. B., & Cheng, W. (2012). Perfectionistic automatic thoughts and psychological distress in adolescents: An analysis of the perfectionism cognitions inventory. Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 30(2), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-011-0131-7

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Coulter, L. M., & Hewitt, P. L. (2012). The perfectionistic self-presentation scale—Junior form: Psychometric properties and association with social anxiety in early adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 27(2), 136–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573511431406

 Google Scholar

Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., Hewitt, P. L., & Fitzgerald, K. (2016). Perfectionism, components of stress reactivity, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 38(4), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9554-x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Fredrick, S. S., Demaray, M. K., & Jenkins, L. N. (2017). Multidimensional perfectionism and internalizing problems: Do teacher and classmate support matter? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(7), 975–1003. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616636231

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Cohn, L., & Griess, K. (1994). Personality traits in subclinical and non-obsessive-compulsive volunteers and their parents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(1), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90083-3

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Graham, A. R., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, D. L., McGrath, D. S., Fossum, K. M., & Allen, S. L. (2010). The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: A short-term, four-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(4), 423–438. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020667

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Grenon, E., Bouffard, T., & Vezeau, C. (2020). Familial and personal characteristics profiles predict bias in academic competence and impostorism self-evaluations. Self and Identity, 19(7), 784–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1676302

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Harris, P. W., Pepper, C. M., & Maack, D. J. (2008). The relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination. Personality & Individual Differences, 44(1), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.011

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Caelian, C. F., Chen, C., & Flett, G. L. (2014). Perfectionism, stress, daily hassles, hopelessness, and suicide potential in depressed psychiatric adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 36(4), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9427-0

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Caelian, C. F., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Collins, L., & Flynn, C. A. (2002). Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety, and anger. Personality & Individual Differences, 32(6), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hewitt, P. L., Smith, M. M., Flett, G. L., Ko, A., Kerns, C., Birch, S., & Peracha, H. (2022). Other-oriented perfectionism in children and adolescents: Development and validation of the other-oriented perfectionism subscale-junior form (OOPjr). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(3), 327–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829211062009

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hibbard, D. R., & Davies, K. L. (2011). Perfectionism and psychological adjustment among college students: Does educational context matter? North American Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 187–200. https://www.proquest.com/docview/867838124/fulltextPDF/537EDEEE45EA47D0PQ/1?accountid=10382

 Google Scholar

Hinterman, C., Burns, L., Hopwood, D., & Rogers, W. (2012). Mindfulness: Seeking a more perfect approach to coping with life’s challenges. Mindfulness, 3(4), 275–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0091-8

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Núñez-Peña, M., & Bono, R. (2021). Math anxiety and perfectionistic concerns in multiple-choice assessment. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 46(6), 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2020.1836120

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Karababa, A. (2020). The moderating role of hope in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety among early adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 181(2–3), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1745745

 Google Scholar

Kenney Benson, G. A., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2005). The role of mothers’ use of control in children’s perfectionism: Implications for the development of children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 23–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00303.x

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Klibert, J., Lamis, D. A., Collins, W., Smalley, K. B., Warren, J. C., Yancey, C. T., & Winterowd, C. (2014). Resilience mediates the relations between perfectionism and college student distress. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00132.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Klibert, J. J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., & Saito, M. (2005). Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of self-oriented versus socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of College Student Development, 46(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2005.0017

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

La Rocque, C. L., Lee, L., & Harkness, K. L. (2016). The role of current depression symptoms in perfectionistic stress enhancement and stress generation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 35(1), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2016.35.1.64

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lee, Y., Ha, J. H., & Jue, J. (2020). Structural equation modeling and the effect of perceived academic inferiority, socially prescribed perfectionism, and parents’ forced social comparison on adolescents’ depression and aggression. Children & Youth Services Review, 108(1), 104–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104649

 Google Scholar

Leenaars, L., & Lester, D. (2007). Construct validity of the helplessness/hopelessness/haplessness scale: Correlations with perfectionism and depression. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104(1), 152. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.1.152-152

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Levine, S. L., Green Demers, I., Werner, K. M., & Milyavskaya, M. (2019). Perfectionism in adolescents: Self-critical perfectionism as a predictor of depressive symptoms across the school year. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.1.70

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Liu, X., Zhang, S., Zheng, R., Yang, L., Cheng, C., & You, J. (2022). Maladaptive perfectionism, daily hassles, and depressive symptoms among first-year college students in China. Journal of American College Health, 70(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2068014

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Goossens, L., Beckx, K., & Wouters, S. (2008). Identity exploration and commitment in late adolescence: Correlates of perfectionism and mediating mechanisms on the pathway to well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(4), 336–361. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.4.336

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Macedo, A., Marques, C., Quaresma, V., Soares, M. J., Amaral, A. P., Araujo, A. I., & Pereira, A. T. (2017). Are perfectionism cognitions and cognitive emotion regulation strategies mediators between perfectionism and psychological distress? Personality & Individual Differences, 119, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.032

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mackinnon, S. P., Battista, S. R., Sherry, S. B., & Stewart, S. H. (2014). Perfectionistic self-presentation predicts social anxiety using daily diary methods. Personality & Individual Differences, 56(1), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.038

 Google Scholar

Mackinnon, S. P., Sherry, S. B., Antony, M. M., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, D. L., & Hartling, N. (2012). Caught in a bad romance: Perfectionism, conflict, and depression in romantic relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(2), 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027402

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Magson, N. R., Oar, E. L., Fardouly, J., Johnco, C. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2019). The preteen perfectionist: An evaluation of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(6), 960–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00897-2

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Martin, T. R., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Krames, L., & Szanto, G. (1996). Personality correlates of depression and health symptoms: A test of a self-regulation model. Journal of Research in Personality, 30(2), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1996.0017

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McGrath, D. S., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., Mushquash, A. R., Allen, S. L., Nealis, L. J., & Sherry, D. L. (2012). Reciprocal relations between self-critical perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a short-term, four-wave longitudinal study. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(3), 169–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027764

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McWhinnie, C. M., Abela, J. R., Knauper, B., & Zhang, C. (2009). Development and validation of the revised children’s dysfunctional attitudes scale. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(3), 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508X398952

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Menatti, A. R., Weeks, J. W., Levinson, C. A., & McGowan, M. M. (2013). Exploring the relationship between social anxiety and bulimic symptoms: Mediational effects of perfectionism among females. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(5), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-013-9521-8

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Mohammadian, Y., Mahaki, B., Dehghani, M., Mohammadkazem, V., & Lavasani, F. (2018). Investigating the role of interpersonal sensitivity, anger, and perfectionism in social anxiety. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 9(1), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_364_16

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Moser, J. S., Slane, J. D., Alexandra Burt, S., & Klump, K. L. (2012). Etiologic relationships between anxiety and dimensions of maladaptive perfectionism in young adult female twins. Depression and Anxiety, 29(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20890

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nakano, K. (2009). Perfectionism, self-efficacy, and depression: Preliminary analysis of the Japanese version of the almost perfect scale-revised. Psychological Reports, 104(3), 896–908. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.104.3.896-908

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nealis, L. J., Sherry, S. B., Perrot, T., & Rao, S. (2020). Self-critical perfectionism, depressive symptoms, and HPA-axis dysregulation: Testing emotional and physiological stress reactivity. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 42(3), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09793-9

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nepon, T., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Molnar, D. S. (2011). Perfectionism, negative social feedback, and interpersonal rumination in depression and social anxiety. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 43(4), 297–308. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025032

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

O’Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2010). Predicting depression, anxiety and self-harm in adolescents: The role of perfectionism and acute life stress. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(1), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.008

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ortega, N. E., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., Hayes, J. A., & Morales, A. (2014). Personal and familial aspects of perfectionism in Latino/a students. The Counseling Psychologist, 42(3), 406–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012473166

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Patock-Peckham, J., & Corbin, W. (2019). Perfectionism and self-medication as mediators of the links between parenting styles and drinking outcomes. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 10, 100218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100218

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Plominski, A. P., & Burns, L. R. (2018). An investigation of student psychological wellbeing: Honors versus nonhonors undergraduate education. Journal of Advanced Academics, 29(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X17735358

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Reyes, M. E. S., Layno, K. J. T., Castaneda, J. R. E., Collantes, A. A., Sigua, M. A. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2015). Perfectionism and its relationship to the depressive feelings of gifted Filipino adolescents. North American Journal of Psychology, 17(2), 317–322. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/perfectionism-relationship-depressive-feelings/docview/1686089986/se-2

 Google Scholar

Rice, K. G., Leever, B. A., Christoher, J., & Porter, J. D. (2006). Perfectionism, stress, and social (dis)connection: A short-term study of hopelessness, depression, and academic adjustment among honors students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.524

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rice, K. G., & Pence, S. L. (2006). Perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 28(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-7488-4

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (2007). Perfectionism and the five-factor model of personality. Assessment, 14(4), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107303217

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rice, K. G., Leever, B. A., Noggle, C. A., & Lapsley, D. K. (2007). Perfectionism and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Psychology in the Schools, 44(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20212

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rice, K. G., Tucker, C. M., & Desmond, F. F. (2008). Perfectionism and depression among low-income chronically ill African American and white adolescents and their maternal parent. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 15(3), 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-008-9119-6

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rousseau, S., Scharf, M., & Smith, Y. (2018). Achievement-oriented and dependency-oriented parental psychological control: An examination of specificity to middle childhood achievement and dependency-related problems. The European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(4), 378–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2016.1265501

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Rudolph, S. G., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2007). Perfectionism and deficits in cognitive emotion regulation. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 25(4), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-007-0056-3

 Google Scholar

Sherry, D. L., Sherry, S. B., Hewitt, P. L., Mushquash, A., & Flett, G. L. (2015). The existential model of perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Tests of incremental validity, gender differences, and moderated mediation. Personality & Individual Differences, 76, 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.002

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sherry, S. B., Mackinnon, S. P., Macneil, M. A., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2013). Discrepancies confer vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(1), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030439

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sherry, S. B., Richards, J. E., Sherry, D. L., & Stewart, S. H. (2014). Self-critical perfectionism is a vulnerability factor for depression but not anxiety: A 12-month, 3-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 52, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.05.004

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shu, C. Y., O’Brien, A., Watson, H. J., Anderson, R. A., Wade, T. D., Kane, R. T., Lampard, A., & Egan, S. J. (2020). Structure and validity of the clinical perfectionism questionnaire in female adolescents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 48(3), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465819000729

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shumaker, E. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2009). Perfectionism and social anxiety: Rethinking the role of high standards. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(3), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.04.002

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sironic, A., & Reeve, R. A. (2012). More evidence for four perfectionism subgroups. Personality & Individual Differences, 53(4), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.003

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Sironic, A., & Reeve, R. A. (2015). A combined analysis of the frost multidimensional perfectionism scale (FMPS), child and adolescent perfectionism scale (CAPS), and almost perfect scale-revised (APS-R): Different perfectionist profiles in adolescent high school students. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1471–1483. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000137

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., Yan, G., & Sherry, S. B. (2017). Does perfectionism predict depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction after controlling for neuroticism?: A study of Canadian and Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Individual Differences, 38(2), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000223

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Smith, M. M., Vidovic, V., Sherry, S. B., Stewart, S. H., & Saklofske, D. H. (2018). Are perfectionism dimensions risk factors for anxiety symptoms? A meta-analysis of 11 longitudinal studies. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 31(1), 4–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1384466

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Vansteenkiste, M., Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2008). Maladaptive perfectionism as an intervening variable between psychological control and adolescent depressive symptoms: A three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 465. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.465

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Soreni, N., Streiner, D., McCabe, R., Bullard, C., Swinson, R., Greco, A., Pires, P., & Szatmari, P. (2014). Dimensions of perfectionism in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(2), 136–143. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4032082/

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Steffen, P. R. (2014). Perfectionism and life aspirations in intrinsically and extrinsically religious individuals. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(4), 945–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9692-3

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stoeber, J., Hoyle, A., & Last, F. (2013). The consequences of perfectionism scale: Factorial structure and relationships with perfectionism, performance perfectionism, affect, and depressive symptoms. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 46(3), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613481981

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Stornaes, A. V., Rosenvinge, J. H., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Pettersen, G., & Friborg, O. (2019). Profiles of perfectionism among adolescents attending specialized elite- and ordinary lower secondary schools: A Norwegian cross-sectional comparative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(10), 2039. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02039

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sturman, E. D., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Rudolph, S. G. (2009). Dimensions of perfectionism and self-worth contingencies in depression. Journal of Rational - Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 27(4), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-007-0079-9

 Google Scholar

Tan, L. S., & Chun, K. Y. N. (2014). Perfectionism and academic emotions of gifted adolescent girls. The Asia - Pacific Education Researcher, 23(3), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0114-9

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tong, Y., & Lam, S. (2011). The cost of being mother’s ideal child: The role of internalization in the development of perfectionism and depression. Social Development, 20(3), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00599.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vicent, M., Gonzálvez, C., Sanmartín, R., Fernández-Sogorb, A., Cargua-García, N. I., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2019). Perfectionism and school anxiety: More evidence about the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in an Ecuadorian population. School Psychology International, 40(5), 474–492. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034319859047

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vicent, M., Inglés, C. J., Gonzálvez, C., Sanmartín, R., Ortega-Sandoval, V. N., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020). Testing the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism in Ecuadorian adolescent population. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(6), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317733536

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Vicent, M., Inglés, C. J., Sanmartín, R., Gonzálvez, C., Delgado, B., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2019). Spanish validation of the child and adolescent perfectionism scale: Factorial invariance and latent means differences across sex and age. Brain Sciences, 9(11), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9110310

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Walker, M., Thornton, L., De Choudhury, M., Teevan, J., Bulik, C. M., Levinson, C. A., & Zerwas, S. (2015). Facebook use and disordered eating in college-aged women. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.026

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, K. T., Permyakova, T. M., & Sheveleva, M. S. (2016). Assessing perfectionism in Russia: Classifying perfectionists with the short almost perfect scale. Personality & Individual Differences, 92, 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.044

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, K. T., Sheveleva, M. S., & Permyakova, T. M. (2019). Imposter syndrome among Russian students: The link between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality & Individual Differences, 143, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.005

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, K. T., Yuen, M., & Slaney, R. B. (2009). Perfectionism, depression, loneliness, and life satisfaction: A study of high school students in Hong Kong. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(2), 249–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000008315975

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wang, Y., & Zhang, B. (2017). The dual model of perfectionism and depression among Chinese university students. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 23(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v23i0.1025

 Google Scholar

Weiner, B. A., & Carton, J. S. (2012). Avoidant coping: A mediator of maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety. Personality & Individual Differences, 52(5), 632–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.009

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wiebe, R. E., & McCabe, S. B. (2002). Relationship perfectionism, dysphoria, and hostile interpersonal behaviors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 67–91. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.1.67.22406

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wimberley, T. E., & Stasio, M. J. (2013). Perfectionistic thoughts, personal standards, and evaluative concerns: Further investigating relationships to psychological distress. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(2), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9462-7

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ye, H. J., Rice, K. G., & Storch, E. A. (2008). Perfectionism and peer relations among children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(4), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0098-5

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yoon, J., & Lau, A. S. (2008). Maladaptive perfectionism and depressive symptoms among Asian American college students: Contributions of interdependence and parental relations. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(2), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.14.2.92

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

You, S., & Yoo, J. (2021). Relations among socially prescribed perfectionism, career stress, mental health, and mindfulness in Korean college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212248

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang, B., & Cai, T. (2012a). Coping styles and self-esteem as mediators of the perfectionism-depression relationship among Chinese undergraduates. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 40(1), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.1.157

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang, B., & Cai, T. (2012b). Moderating effects of self-efficacy in the relations of perfectionism and depression. Studia psychologica, 54(1), 15–21.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zhang, B., & Cai, T. (2012c). Using SEM to examine the dimensions of perfectionism and investigate the mediating role of self-esteem between perfectionism and depression in China. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.3

 Google Scholar