Impact of three variants of prolonged exposure therapy on comorbid diagnoses in patients with childhood abuse-related PTSD

Figures & data

Table 1. Comorbid psychiatric disorders at baseline (N = 149) and post-treatment (N = 96).

		Baseline	Post-treatment
		% (N)	% (N)
Any depressive disorder		65.8 (98)	51.5 (53)
	MDD	57.0 (85)	35.0 (36)
	Dysthymia	8.7 (13)	18.4 (19)
Any anxiety disorder		77.2 (115)	52.4 (54)
	Agoraphobia	53.7 (80)	30.1 (31)
	Social anxiety disorder	38.3 (57)	27.2 (28)
	Panic disorder	36.9 (55)	17.5 (18)
	GAD	25.5 (38)	14.6 (15)
	Simple phobia	16.8 (25)	11.7 (12)
OCD		24.8 (37)	13.6 (14)
Psychotic disorder		12.8 (19)	7.8 (8)
SUD		22.8 (34)	8.7 (9)
	Alcohol use disorder	14.8 (22)	3.8 (4)
	Drug use disorder	14.1 (21)	5.8 (6)
Eating disorder		6.0 (9)	7.8 (8)
	Anorexia nervosa	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)
	Bulimia	6.0 (9)	7.8 (8)
Any personality disorder		61.1 (91)	41.6 (42)
	Avoidant personality disorder	34.2 (51)	19.8 (20)
	Borderline personality disorder	30.8 (31)	16.8 (17)
	Paranoid personality disorder	19.5 (29)	8.9 (9)
	Obsessive compulsive personality disorder	13.4 (20)	10.8 (11)
	Personality disorder NOS	9.4 (14)	5.9 (6)
	Antisocial personality disorder	8.1 (12)	4.0 (4)
	Dependent personality disorder	6.7 (10)	5.0 (5)
	Schizotypical personality disorder	5.4 (8)	4.0 (4)
	Schizoid personality disorder	3.4 (5)	4.0 (4)
	Narcissitic personality disorder	1.3 (2)	0.0 (0)
	Histrionic personality disorder	0.7 (1)	1.0 (0)

MDD = major depressive disorder, GAD = generalized anxiety disorder, OCD, SUD, NOS = not otherwise specified, note that post-treatment is T3 for outcomes assessed with the MINI and T4 for outcomes assessed with the SCID-2.

Table 2. Main outcomes of the generalized mixed linear models.

Model	Disorder	Slope	Estimate	Standard error	p	q	OR [95% CI]
1	Depressive disorders	T0-T3	−0.87	0.34	0.010	0.011*	0.42 [0.21, 0.81]
		T3-T4	−0.34	0.35	0.332	0.034	0.71 [0.36, 1.42]
		T4-T5	−0.94	0.38	0.013	0.013*	0.39 [0.19, 0.82]
2	Anxiety disorders	T0-T3	−1.71	0.38	<.001	0.003*	0.18 [0.09, 0.38]
		T3-T4	−0.40	0.37	0.276	0.029	0.67 [0.33, 1.37]
		T4-T5	−0.20	0.37	0.584	0.042	0.82 [0.39, 1.69]
3	OCD	T0-T3	−0.95	0.40	0.016	0.016	0.39 [0.18, 0.84]
		T3-T4	−0.15	0.46	0.746	0.050	0.86 [0.35, 2.14]
		T4-T5	0.39	0.46	0.405	0.037	1.47 [0.59, 3.63]
4	SUDs	T0-T3	−2.62	0.84	0.002	0.008*	0.07 [0.01, 0.38]
		T3-T4	0.89	0.82	0.278	0.032	2.43 [0.49, 12.10]
		T4-T5	−1.09	0.85	0.200	0.024	0.34 [0.06, 1.78]
5	Psychotic disorders	T0-T3	−0.92	0.71	0.195	0.021	0.40 [0.10, 1.60]
		T3-T4	0.40	0.75	0.596	0.045	1.49 [0.34, 6.53]
		T4-T5	−1.77	0.94	0.060	0.018	0.17 [0.03, 1.08]
6	Eating disorders	T0-T3	0.39	0.90	0.660	0.047	1.48 [0.26, 8.55]
		T3-T4	−0.76	0.98	0.438	0.039	0.47 [0.07, 3.18]
		T4-T5	−1.38	1.21	0.254	0.026	0.25 [0.02, 2.69]
7	Any personality disorder	T0-T4	−1.21	0.38	0.002	0.005*	0.30 [0.14, 0.63]

*= Significant effect, Benjamini Hochberg corrected significance level q < .0135, OR = odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, OCD = obsessive-compulsive disorder, SUDs = substance use disorders.

Table 3. Specificity analyses of the generalized mixed linear models (subgroups n > 20).

Model	Disorder	Slope	Estimate	Standard error	p	q	OR [95% CI]
1	MDD	T0–3	1.33	0.35	<.001	0.002*	0.26 [0.13, 0.52]
		T3–4	−0.23	0.37	0.530	0.420	0.80 [0.39, 1.63]
		T4–5	−0.43	0.39	0.268	0.030	0.65 [0.30, 1.39]
2	Agoraphobia	T0–3	−1.48	0.37	<.001	0.005*	0.23 [0.11, 0.46]
		T3–4	−0.30	0.39	0.452	0.036	0.74 [0.35, 1.61]
		T4–5	−0.59	0.43	0.169	0.024	0.55 [0.24, 1.28]
3	Social anxiety disorder	T0–3	−0.86	0.36	0.017	0.011	0.42 [0.21, 0.86]
		T3–4	−0.46	0.40	0.250	0.028	0.63 [0.29, 1.38]
		T4–5	0.28	0.41	0.495	0.038	1.32 [0.59, 2.95]
4	Panic disorder	T0–3	−1.49	0.42	<.001	0.004*	0.23 [0.10, 0.51]
		T3–4	0.24	0.45	0.596	0.044	1.27 [0.52, 3.07]
		T4–5	−0.63	0.48	0.194	0.026	0.54 [0.21, 1.37]
5	GAD	T0–3	−0.80	0.37	0.031	0.016	0.45 [0.22, 0.93]
		T3–4	0.19	0.41	0.643	0.048	1.21 [0.54, 2.73]
		T4–5	−0.02	0.41	0.959	0.050	0.98 [0.44, 2.19]
6	Specific phobia	T0–3	−0.50	0.47	0.292	0.032	0.61 [0.24, 1.53]
		T3–4	−0.64	0.58	0.273	0.030	0.53 [0.17, 1.65]
		T4–5	0.83	0.58	0.149	0.020	2.30 [0.74, 7.14]
6	Alcohol use disorder	T0–3	−3.02	1.08	0.005	0.008	0.05 [0.01, 0.41]
		T3–4	0.88	1.03	0.392	0.034	2.42 [0.32, 18.27]
		T4–5	−2.01	1.24	0.106	0.020	0.13 [0.01, 1.53]
7	Drug use related disorder	T0–3	−2.38	1.14	0.036	0.018	0.09 [0.01, 0.86]
		T3–4	1.64	1.14	0.149	0.022	5.15 [0.56, 47.74]
		T4–5	−0.53	1.03	0.606	0.046	0.59 [0.08, 4.42]
8	Avoidant personality disorder	T0–T4	−1.30	0.48	0.007	0.008*	0.27 [0.11, 0.70]
9	Paranoid personality disorder	T0–T4	−1.00	0.45	0.025	0.014	0.37 [0.15, 0.88]
10	Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	T0–T4	−0.53	0.78	0.499	0.040	0.59 [0.13, 2.73]
11	Borderline personality disorder	T0–T4	−0.33	0.38	0.382	0.032	0.72 [0.35, 1.50]

*= Significant effect, Benjamini Hochberg corrected significance level q < .009, OR= odds ratio, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, MDD = major depressive disorder, GAD.

Data availability statement

Proposals for the use of data and requests for access should be directed to [email protected].