Attitude towards gender roles and violence against women and girls (VAWG): baseline findings from an RCT of 1752 youths in Pakistan

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of gender attitudes items by Gender.

		Boys		Girls
Item		n	%	n	%	p-value
I think girls in my family should go to school	Strongly agree	589	71.7	755	81.2	<0.001
	Agree Disagree/strongly disagree	159	19.3	154	16.6
		74	9.0	21	2.3
I think my father should give to permission to my mother to go the clinic.	Strongly agree	519	63.1	678	72.9	<0.001
	Agree	165	20.1	174	18.7
	Disagree/strongly disagree	138	16.8	78	8.4
I think my father should listen to my mother’s opinion on schooling	Strongly agree	593	72.1	721	77.5	0.001
	Agree	156	19.0	177	19.0
	Disagree/strongly disagree	73	8.9	32	3.4
I think my mother should have a say in how money is spent in the family	Strongly agree	536	65.2	671	72.2	0.024
	Agree	198	24.1	177	19.0
	Disagree/strongly disagree	88	10.7	82	8.8
I think my mother should be able to ask a religious scholar about the solution of issues	Strongly agree	494	60.1	586	63.0	0.139
	Agree	193	23.5	184	19.8
	Disagree/strongly disagree	135	16.4	160	17.2
I think my father should respect the opinion of my mother on matters related to income-generating work	Strongly agree	587	71.4	710	76.3	0.003
	Agree	173	21.0	182	19.6
	Disagree/strongly disagree	62	7.5	38	4.1
I think my father should be kind and caring towards women in my family	Strongly agree	635	77.3	765	82.3	0.026
	Agree	143	17.4	140	15.1
	Disagree/strongly disagree	44	5.4	25	2.7
I think that my mother should be always obey my father	Strongly agree	593	72.1	746	80.2	0.001
	Agree Disagree/strongly disagree	168	20.4	148	15.9
		61	7.4	36	3.9
I think women should be able to participate in weddings	Strongly agree	563	68.6	680	73.3	<0.001
	Agree Disagree/strongly disagree	182	22.2	210	22.6
		76	9.3	38	4.1
I think women should be able to participate in neighborhood events	Strongly agree	511	62.5	656	70.8	<0.001
	Agree	215	26.3	214	23.1
	Disagree/strongly disagree	92	11.2	57	6.1
I think women should be able to participate in skills training	Strongly agree	521	63.5	703	75.8	<0.001
	Agree Disagree/strongly disagree	187	22.8	172	18.6
		112	13.7	52	5.6
I think women should be able to participate in income-generating activities.	Strongly agree	325	39.7	526	56.6	<0.001
	Agree	164	20	186	20
	Disagree/strongly disagree	330	40.3	218	23.4

Table 2. Descriptive statistics by gender of participant.

	BOYS(N = 822)			GIRLS(N = 930)
Factor	N	n or mean	% or sd	N	n or mean	% or sd	p-value
Age of learner^a	821	12.51	1.5	927	12.27	1.38	0.001
Days missed school^a	813	4.07	4.17	927	3.14	2.85	0.001
School performance^a	822	9.27	1.81	930	9.55	1.77	0.065
Hunger index^a	822	0.65	1.09	930	0.48	0.97	0.016
Peer violence experience/perpetration	822			930
None		55	6.7		194	20.9	<0.001
Victim only		146	17.8		265	28.5
Any perpetration		621	75.5		471	50.6
In the previous 4 weeks:
Experienced physical punishment at home	821	495	60.3	930	345	37.1	<0.001
Missed school due work at home	795	195	24.5	917	130	14.2	0.005
Missed school due to working for money	796	61	7.7	916	15	1.6	<0.001
Father fought with other men	820	211	25.7	928	166	17.9	0.002
Father beat mother	822	80	9.7	929	56	6	0.016
Relatives hit mother	821	38	4.6	929	36	3.9	0.396
Father drunk	818	28	3.4	926	25	2.7	0.350
Child marriage:
Promised in marriage	819	52	6.3	927	25	2.7	0.012
Other preparations made for marriage	820	19	2.3	928	23	2.5	0.766
Sister/cousin of same age married	814	38	4.7	924	73	7.9	0.018
Depression (high = more depressed)^a	817	56.75	9.69	921	54.61	9.26	0.002
Gender attitude score(high = inequitable)^a	812	20.76	4.70	923	19.14	4.56	<0.001

^aSummary stats for continuous variables represented as mean and standard deviation.

Table 3. Bivariable analysis of factors associated with of gender attitudes among boys and girls.

	BOYS				GIRLS
	Coef.	LCL	UCL	p-value	Coef.	LCL	UCL	p-value
Age of learner^a	−0.12	−0.33	0.09	0.268	−0.23	−0.45	−0.02	0.034
Hunger index^a	0.64	0.35	0.94	<0.001	0.68	0.38	0.98	<0.001
Depression ^a	0.06	0.03	0.09	0.002	0.06	0.03	0.09	<0.001
Days missed school^a	0.08	−0.01	0.16	0.061	0.12	0.02	0.22	0.019
School performance^a	0.07	−0.11	0.24	0.478	−0.06	−0.22	0.11	0.511
Peer violence experience/perpetration
None
Victim only	2.23	0.82	3.64	0.002	0.73	−0.11	1.56	0.087
Any perpetration	3.33	2.08	4.59	<0.001	1.89	1.14	2.65	<0.001
In previous 4 weeks
Experienced physical punishment at home	1.12	0.47	1.77	0.001	1.26	0.66	1.86	<0.001
Missed school due to work at home	−0.10	−0.87	0.67	0.800	0.01	−0.83	0.84	0.987
Missed school due to work for money	−0.25	−1.48	0.98	0.690	0.78	−1.51	3.06	0.506
Father fought with other men	0.90	0.17	1.63	0.015	0.16	−0.60	0.92	0.674
Father beats mother	0.92	−0.17	2.00	0.098	1.23	0.01	2.45	0.026
Relatives hit mother	2.29	0.79	3.79	0.003	0.86	−0.64	2.36	0.260
Father drunk	0.93	−0.86	2.72	0.307	−2.30	−4.09	−0.52	0.011
Child marriage
Promised in marriage	1.48	0.17	2.80	0.027	0.13	−1.66	1.93	0.885
Other preparation made for marriage	−0.71	−2.93	1.52	0.534	0.55	−1.37	2.46	0.576
Sister/cousin of same age is married.	1.22	−0.33	2.78	0.123	0.57	−0.53	1.68	0.309

NB: All analyses adjusted for clustering by school (random component). ^aContinuous variables. UCL: upper confidence limit; LCL: lower confidence limit.

Table 4. Multivariable regression models of factors associated with gender attitudes among boys and girls adjusted for age.

	BOYS				GIRLS
	Coef.	LCL	UCL	p-value	Coef.	LCL	UCL	p-value
Hunger index^a^/	0.48	0.18	0.78	0.002	0.55	0.25	0.85	<0.001
Peer violence experience/perpetration
None	Ref				Ref
Victim only	2.16	0.76	3.57	0.003	0.57	−0.25	1.40	0.174
Any perpetration	2.88	1.61	4.15	<0.001	1.44	0.65	2.22	<0.001
Experienced physical punishment at home					0.65	0.02	1.28	0.043
Promised in marriage	1.36	0.07	2.66	0.039
Depression score	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.047

NB: All models adjusted for age of the learner and clustering by school (random component). UCL: upper confidence limit; LCL: lower confidence limit.