Subnational regional inequality in the public health development index in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1. Public Health Development Index (overall index and sub-indices): national and province averages, Indonesia, RISKESDAS, 2013.

Province* (by island)	PHDI (overall)	Reproductive and maternal health sub-index	Newborn and child health sub-index	Infectious diseases sub-index	Environmental health sub-index	Non-communicable diseases sub-index	Health risk behavior sub-index	Health services provision sub-index	Number of districts
National average	54.0	47.6	61.1	75.1	54.3	62.7	36.5	38.1	497
Sumatra
Aceh	50.5	43.3	60.4	69.7	42.0	62.6	32.2	43.3	23
North Sumatra	54.2	33.2	60.4	55.0	49.1	38.3	19.2	25.2	33
West Sumatra	54.6	48.6	64.4	77.8	43.6	67.9	30.3	49.9	19
Riau	55.4	47.9	62.4	82.6	50.9	72.8	35.5	35.5	12
Jambi	53.4	46.1	62.4	83.1	43.9	73.1	37.1	28.4	11
South Sumatera	53.0	46.4	62.2	80.7	43.7	70.9	35.4	31.7	15
Bengkulu	53.3	50.6	63.2	79.5	44.4	72.9	33.7	28.6	10
Lampung	54.5	51.4	61.2	83.0	38.9	75.6	35.9	35.3	14
Bangka Belitung	53.6	47.5	66.0	76.0	49.0	57.8	39.6	39.4	7
Riau Islands	60.8	48.8	69.5	80.3	68.5	68.0	38.6	51.9	7
Java-Bali
DKI Jakarta	60.9	51.3	71.7	71.1	83.3	56.2	40.6	51.9	6
West Java	54.6	48.8	67.3	74.4	54.1	60.3	34.6	42.6	26
Central Java	56.3	52.0	65.2	73.8	55.9	63.6	38.3	45.4	35
DI Yogyakarta	57.3	54.1	69.7	76.7	48.0	52.9	40.6	59.3	5
East Java	54.1	49.3	64.7	72.9	54.3	58.6	36.4	42.7	38
Banten	56.8	45.9	66.7	73.7	69.7	65.5	34.2	42.0	8
Bali	65.0	59.0	70.6	78.6	72.7	66.6	45.6	62.2	9
Nusa Tenggara Islands
West Nusa Tenggara	52.4	47.3	62.6	72.6	41.6	66.0	32.2	44.3	10
East Nusa Tenggara	46.2	33.1	56.5	61.8	30.8	64.1	37.3	40.0	21
Kalimantan
West Kalimantan	51.4	43.4	57.2	82.3	41.3	71.0	39.6	25.2	14
Central Kalimantan	50.5	24.1	58.6	47.4	32.6	42.4	23.2	16.6	14
South Kalimantan	48.6	27.1	59.0	41.0	34.7	27.3	16.9	14.1	13
East Kalimantan	57.6	32.7	66.8	61.2	59.8	28.1	27.8	36.8	14
Sulawesi
North Sulawesi	54.3	34.3	66.1	46.1	46.4	20.5	27.7	29.3	15
Central Sulawesi	48.9	20.1	60.2	32.3	42.3	19.8	15.9	16.6	11
South Sulawesi	52.4	22.2	62.1	34.6	42.0	15.6	25.9	40.0	24
Southeast Sulawesi	51.6	21.4	59.8	47.5	42.6	38.5	24.6	16.9	12
Gorontalo	51.1	31.9	61.2	44.5	30.9	28.1	21.8	30.5	6
West Sulawesi	49.8	37.6	57.8	73.9	44.9	67.0	41.1	31.6	5
Maluku Islands
Maluku	49.4	32.7	57.7	75.8	53.3	66.2	36.9	25.3	11
North Maluku	49.6	37.6	58.9	80.0	46.3	66.8	37.8	24.2	9
Papua
West Papua	49.7	34.1	58.1	77.9	44.7	69.1	38.5	31.9	11
Papua	43.9	32.1	56.7	66.0	25.0	70.9	33.5	27.8	29

*Ordered according to Indonesian government codes of geographical proximity.

Table 2. Relative within-province inequality (measured by Weighted Index of Disparity) in Public Health Development Index (overall index and sub-indices): Indonesia, RISKESDAS, 2013.

Province (by island)	PHDI (overall)	Reproductive and maternal health sub-index	Newborn and child health sub-index	Infectious diseases sub-index	Environmental health sub-index	Non-communicable diseases sub-index	Health risk behavior sub-index	Health services provision sub-index	Number of districts
Sumatra
Aceh	9.8	11.8	9.5	10.4	32.8	9.2	12.0	16.9	23
North Sumatra	9.0	20.2	8.3	10.9	33.0	21.5	14.0	39.8	33
West Sumatra	8.2	7.2	9.1	6.5	27.3	5.6	14.8	11.6	19
Riau	10.3	11.3	6.5	4.3	32.9	6.4	9.9	33.0	12
Jambi	6.5	9.4	7.9	4.9	27.2	8.6	12.7	26.4	11
South Sumatra	7.0	9.3	6.9	6.1	33.5	9.9	12.0	36.4	15
Bengkulu	5.5	7.1	6.4	5.4	21.9	7.0	13.3	20.1	10
Lampung	5.2	5.9	5.7	4.7	18.3	3.9	9.7	25.4	14
Bangka Belitung	4.3	5.2	7.9	5.5	24.0	9.8	12.8	14.3	7
Riau Islands	5.2	1.1	2.6	2.3	20.9	6.8	4.8	2.9	7
Java-Bali
DKI Jakarta	2.6	4.1	4.7	6.3	5.9	13.7	4.7	6.6	6
West Java	7.7	8.0	5.9	6.5	29.0	11.5	8.8	14.1	26
Central Java	5.7	6.4	8.1	6.2	15.8	8.4	8.4	13.8	35
DI Yogyakarta	1.4	5.0	3.9	1.5	2.7	6.9	4.8	6.6	5
East Java	6.7	6.1	7.8	6.2	23.6	12.1	9.0	11.1	38
Banten	6.8	14.0	7.5	4.7	19.8	9.0	12.0	11.4	8
Bali	6.7	8.2	6.8	6.8	11.3	9.0	6.5	12.4	9
Nusa Tenggara Islands
West Nusa Tenggara	5.1	8.8	6.7	6.2	25.5	4.4	9.3	10.6	10
East Nusa Tenggara	12.2	20.5	14.3	13.7	44.0	10.9	14.6	18.9	21
Kalimantan
West Kalimantan	8.6	13.3	12.4	4.0	25.8	7.3	19.3	34.7	14
Central Kalimantan	9.4	14.0	10.4	9.3	45.9	10.2	17.9	40.0	14
South Kalimantan	11.1	18.9	9.4	16.1	40.6	13.2	25.1	67.9	13
East Kalimantan	6.9	7.8	5.5	5.7	18.5	21.8	6.1	31.1	14
Sulawesi
North Sulawesi	7.7	9.1	7.8	14.4	23.7	23.8	13.3	38.6	15
Central Sulawesi	10.3	21.8	8.5	24.1	29.0	24.6	23.7	43.0	11
South Sulawesi	8.0	15.8	8.1	16.7	33.4	42.1	9.4	20.6	24
Southeast Sulawesi	7.8	29.6	8.7	13.5	27.0	19.6	9.6	56.7	12
Gorontalo	4.6	15.7	4.4	11.0	29.3	19.7	20.5	16.9	6
West Sulawesi	4.5	6.8	3.2	16.5	22.4	11.6	6.1	22.7	5
Maluku Islands
Maluku	9.2	13.7	12.3	8.6	25.4	6.3	10.8	32.1	11
North Maluku	10.6	16.8	14.8	6.8	29.6	11.6	11.4	29.1	9
Papua
West Papua	4.7	14.0	0.0	6.8	30.5	14.3	7.9	11.8	11
Papua	18.8	35.5	24.8	19.8	84.9	8.8	16.2	36.5	29

Figure 1. Public Health Development Index (overall), in 33 provinces, Indonesia, 2013.

Note: Data are not available for North Kalimantan province, which was created in 2012.

Figure 2. Public Health Development Index (overall), by district, in 33 provinces, Indonesia, 2013.

Figure 3. Relative within-province inequality in Public Health Development Index measured as Weighted Index of disparity, in 33 provinces, Indonesia, 2013.

Note: Data are not available for North Kalimantan province, which was created in 2012.

Figure 4. Public Health Development Index (overall index): province average and relative within-province inequality, Indonesia, RISKESDAS, 2013.

Note: Dashed orange lines indicate the median values.

Figure 5. Sub-indices of Public Health Development Index: province average and relative within-province inequality, Indonesia, RISKESDAS, 2013.

Note: Dashed orange lines indicate the median values.

Table A1. Defining weighting factor for each indicator.

		Component
Indicators	Score base	Size of population affected	Impact on health status	Urgency	Complexity of response	Weight (2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
Prevalence of underweight and severe underweight children under five years of age	1	1	1	1	1	5
Prevalence of mental health disorder	1	0	1	1	1	4
Proportion exhibiting safe hand washing behavior	1	0	1	1	0	3

Table A2. Example of PHDI calculation for district ‘X’.

				Theoretical values
No.	Indicators	Values	Empirical values	Min	Max	Normalization	Weight	Proportion of weight	Index of indicators	Overall index and sub-indices
(a)	(b)	(c)	(d)	(e)	(f)	(i)	(j)	(k)	(l)	(m)
	Public Health Development Index (PHDI)									0.61
	Reproductive and maternal health						15			0.56
1	Proportion of long-term method contraceptive use	19.5	19.5	0.0	100.0	0.2	5	0.33	0.07
2	Proportion of antenatal care	63.8	63.8	0.0	100.0	0.6	5	0.33	0.21
3	Prevalence of chronic malnutrition among women	11.5	88.5	25.3	100.0	0.8	5	0.33	0.28
	Newborn and child health						26			0.67
4	Prevalence of underweight and severe underweight in children under five years of age	14.9	85.1	52.4	100.0	0.7	5	0.19	0.13
5	Prevalence of stunting and severe stunting in children under five years of age	34.0	66.0	29.6	100.0	0.5	5	0.19	0.10
6	The prevalence of obesity in children under five years of age	17.0	83.1	19.6	100.0	0.8	4	0.15	0.12
7	Proportion of children under 5 years of age attending monthly growth monitoring in the last 6 months	66.0	66.0	0.0	100.0	0.7	4	0.15	0.10
8	Proportion of complete basic immunization	48.1	48.1	0.0	100.0	0.5	4	0.15	0.07
9	Proportion of first neonatal visits	95.1	95.1	0.0	100.0	1.0	4	0.15	0.15
	Infectious diseases						13			0.78
10	Prevalence of pneumonia	1.9	98.1	80.4	100.0	0.9	5	0.38	0.35
11	Prevalence of diarrhea among children under five years of age	12.4	87.7	35.4	100.0	0.8	4	0.31	0.25
12	Prevalence of ARI among children under five years of age	33.9	66.1	16.2	100.0	0.6	4	0.31	0.18
	Environmental health						6			0.57
14	Proportion of households with access to safe sanitation facilities	69.3	69.3	0.0	100.0	0.7	3	0.50	0.35
13	Proportion of households with access to clean water	45.3	45.3	2.0	100.0	0.4	3	0.50	0.22
	Non-communicable diseases						27			0.63
15	Prevalence of hypertension	15.7	84.3	58.4	100.0	0.6	5	0.19	0.12
16	Prevalence of injury	6.4	93.6	74.8	100.0	0.7	5	0.19	0.14
17	Prevalence of diabetes mellitus	1.9	98.1	95.2	100.0	0.6	5	0.19	0.11
18	Prevalence of mental health disorder	6.5	93.5	51.6	100.0	0.9	4	0.15	0.13
19	Prevalence of central obesity	32.2	67.8	39.4	100.0	0.5	4	0.15	0.07
20	Prevalence of dental and mouth problems	28.8	71.2	48.5	100.0	0.4	4	0.15	0.07
	Health risk behaviors						16			0.42
21	Proportion of daily smoking behavior	27.2	72.8	55.9	100.0	0.4	4	0.25	0.10
22	Proportion of hand washing behavior	70.2	70.2	1.3	100.0	0.7	3	0.19	0.13
23	Proportion of open defecation	88.1	88.1	6.7	100.0	0.9	3	0.19	0.16
24	Proportion of inactive physical activity	20.8	20.8	5.5	100.0	0.2	3	0.19	0.03
25	Proportion of proper teeth brushing	1.4	1.4	0.0	100.0	0.0	3	0.19	0.00
	Health services provisions						20			0.63
26	Proportion of institutional delivery	97.6	97.6	0.0	100.0	1.0	4	0.20	0.20
27	Proportion of sub-districts with sufficient number of GPs	20.0	20.0	0.0	100.0	0.2	5	0.25	0.05
28	Proportion of village with sufficient number of health posts	82.4	82.4	0.0	100.0	0.8	4	0.20	0.16
29	Proportion of midwife sufficiency	13.7	13.7	0.0	100.0	0.1	3	0.15	0.02
30	Proportion of health insurance ownerships	97.7	97.7	0.2	100.0	1.0	4	0.20	0.20