Overweight, stunting, and concurrent overweight and stunting observed over 3 years in Vietnamese children

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of the children participating in the longitudinal study and the cross-sectional surveys.

	Total	Mean age ± SD	Urban boys (n; %)	Urban girls (n; %)	Rural boys (n; %)	Rural girls (n; %)
Cohort of children 3 to 6 years old in 2013 participating in the longitudinal study
Starting year 2013	2,602	4.6 ± 0.9	699 (26.9%)	612 (23.5%)	692 (26.6%)	599 (23.0%)
Children aged 5.5 to 6.5 years old participating in the cross-sectional surveys
2013	546	5.8 ± 0.2	183 (33.5%)	147 (26.9%)	114 (20.9%)	102 (18.7%)
2014	897	6.0 ± 0.3	239 (26.6%)	236 (26.3%)	219 (24.4%)	203 (22.7%)
2016	512	6.2 ± 0.1	133 (26.0%)	111 (21.7%)	150 (29.2%)	118 (23.1%)

Table 2. Socioeconomic characteristics of families at the beginning of study in 2013.

Variables	Urban	Rural
Mother’s education
Secondary school or less (%)	6.8***	57.6
High school education (%)	32.3***	28.6
Higher than high school (%)	60.9***	13.8
Mother’s occupation
Manual worker (%)	9.3***	73.4
Office staff (%)	56.7***	9.0
Business (%)	25.5**	14.0
Other (%)	8.5	3.6
Economic level
Number of family assets in 2013 (mean)	8.8***	5.4

The number of assets (bicycle, motorbike, car, telephone, mobile phone, radio, television, video player, sewing machine, computer, refrigerator, air conditioner, hot water) available in the households was used as an indicator of family economy.

The stars refer to the comparison between the urban and rural population.

**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 3. Estimated prevalence of OWOB, stunting, and concurrent OWOB and stunting by setting and sex in preschool children followed for 3 years (2013 to 2016) using WHO reference.

		OWOB only		Stunting only		Concurrent OWOB and stunting
		n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)
Total studied population (n = 2,602)	2013	306	11.7(10.6–13.0)	229	8.8(7.8–9.9)	69	2.7 (2.1–3.3)
	2014	416	16.0 (14.6–17.4)	175	6.7 (5.8–7.8)	31	1.2 (0.8–1.7)
	2016	677	26.0*** (24.4–27.7)	89	3.4*** (2.8–4.2)	36	1.4*** (1.0–1.9)
Boys total (n = 1,391)	2013	197	14.2 (12.4–16.1)	114	8.2 (6.9–9.8)	34	2.4 (1.8–3.4)
	2014	264	19.0 (17.0–21.1)	87	6.3 (5.1–7.7)	19	1.4 (0.9–2.1)
	2016	416	29.9*** (27.6–32.4)	47	3.4*** (2.6–4.5)	20	1.4 (0.9–2.2)
Urban (n = 699)	2013	167	23.9 (20.9–27.2)	15	2.1 (1.3–3.5)	7	1.0 (0.5–2.0)
	2014	223	31.9 (28.6–35.4)	9	1.3 (0.7–2.4)	4	0.6 (0.2–1.4)
	2016	311	44.5*** (40.8–48.2)	13	1.9 (1.1–3.2)	13	1.9 (1.1–3.2)
Rural (n = 692)	2013	30	4.3 (3.1–6.1)	99	14.3 (11.9–17.1)	27	3.9 (2.7–5.6)
	2014	41	5.9 (4.4–7.9)	78	11.3 (9.1–13.8)	15	2.2 (1.3–3.5)
	2016	105	15.2*** (12.7–18.1)	34	4.9*** (3.5–6.8)	7	1.0*** (0.5–2.1)
Girls total (n = 1,211)	2013	109	9.0 (7.5–10.7)	115	9.5 (7.9–11.2)	35	2.9 (2.1–3.9)
	2014	152	12.6 (10.8–14.5)	88	7.3 (5.9–8.9)	12	1.0 (0.6–1.7)
	2016	261	21.6*** (19.3–23.9)	42	3.5*** (2.6–4.7)	16	1.3** (0.8–2.1)
Urban (n = 612)	2013	91	14.9 (12.3–17.9)	15	2.5 (1.5–4.0)	10	1.6 (0.9–2.9)
	2014	133	21.7 (18.6–25.2)	5	0.8 (0.3–1.9)	5	0.8 (0.3–1.8)
	2016	210	34.3*** (30.7–38.2)	11	1.8 (1.0–3.2)	9	1.5 (0.8–2.8)
Rural (n = 599)	2013	18	3.0 (1.9–4.7)	100	16.7 (13.9–19.9)	25	4.2 (2.8–6.1)
	2014	19	3.2 (2.0–4.9)	83	13.9 (11.3–16.9)	7	1.2 (0.6–2.4)
	2016	51	8.5*** (6.5–11.0)	31	5.2*** (3.7–7.3)	7	1.2** (0.6–2.4)

p-values refer to the comparison with estimates for 2013.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 4. Estimated prevalence of OWOB, stunting, and concurrent OWOB and stunting by setting and sex in children aged 5.5–6.5 years old in three repeated cross-sectional studies using WHO reference.

		OWOB		Stunting		Concurrent OWOB and stunting
		n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)	n	% (95% CI)
Total studied population	2013 (n = 546)	140	25.6 (22.1–29.5)	50	9.2 (7.0–11.9)	17	3.1 (2.0–4.9)
	2014 (n = 897)	201	22.4 (19.8–25.3)	62	6.9 (5.4–8.8)	11	1.2 (0.7–2.2)
	2016 (n = 512)	139	27.1 (23.5–31.2)	25	4.9** (3.3–7.1)	6	1.2* (0.5–2.5)
Boys total	2013 (n = 297)	91	30.6 (25.7–36.1)	28	9.4 (6.6–13.3)	9	3.0 (1.6–5.6)
	2014 (n = 548)	120	26.2 (22.4–30.4)	31	6.8 (4.8–9.4)	6	1.3 (0.6–2.8)
	2016 (n = 283)	81	28.6 (23.7–34.1)	10	3.5** (1.9–6.4)	2	0.7* (0.2–2.5)
Urban	2013 (n = 183)	78	42.6 (35.7–49.9)	8	4.4 (2.2–8.4)	2	1.1 (0.3–3.8)
	2014 (n = 239)	99	41.4 (35.4–47.8)	4	1.7 (0.7–4.2)	2	0.8 (0.2–2.9)
	2016 (n = 133)	54	40.6 (32.6–49.1)	4	3.0 (1.2–7.5)	1	0.8 (0.1–4.1)
Rural	2013 (n = 114)	13	11.4 (6.8–18.5)	20	17.5 (11.7–25.6)	7	6.1 (3.0–12.1)
	2014 (n = 219)	21	9.6 (6.4–14.2)	27	12.3 (8.6–17.3)	4	1.8* (0.7–4.6)
	2016 (n = 150)	27	18.0 (12.7–24.9)	6	4.0*** (1.8–8.4)	1	0.7* (0.1–3.6)
Girls total	2013 (n = 249)	49	19.7 (15.2–25.1)	22	8.8 (5.9–13.0)	8	3.2 (1.6–6.2)
	2014 (n = 439)	81	18.5 (15.1–22.3)	31	7.1 (5.0–9.8)	5	1.1 (0.5–2.6)
	2016 (n = 229)	58	25.3 (20.1–31.3)	15	6.6 (4.0–10.5)	4	1.7 (0.7–4.4)
Urban	2013 (n = 147)	34	23.1 (17.1–30.6)	5	3.4 (1.5–7.7)	2	1.4 (0.3–4.8)
	2014 (n = 236)	73	30.9 (25.4–37.1)	6	2.5 (1.2–5.4)	4	1.7 (0.7–4.2)
	2016 (n = 111)	47	42.3** 33.6–51.6)	4	3.6 (1.4–8.9)	1	0.9 (0.2–4.9)
Rural	2013 (n = 114)	15	14.7 (9.1–22.9)	17	16.7 (10.7–25.1)	6	5.9 (2.7–12.2)
	2014 (n = 219)	8	3.9*** (2.0–7.5)	25	12.3 (8.5–17.5)	1	0.5** (0.08–2.7)
	2016 (n = 150)	11	9.3 (5.3–15.9)	11	9.3 (5.3–15.9)	3	2.5 (0.9–7.2)

p-values refer to the comparison with estimates for 2013.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.