Can health promotion videos ‘go viral’? A non-randomised, controlled, before-and-after pilot study to measure the spread and impact of local language mobile videos in Burkina Faso

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics and media use of women at baseline and endline.

	Baseline				Endline
	Control N = 377		Intervention N = 331		Control N = 385		Intervention N = 342
	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI
Age in years (mean)*	32.7	(31.7,33.7)	31.9	(30.6, 33.2)	32.8	(32.0,33.5)	31	(29.5,32.4)
Length of time living in village
< 1 year	10.6	(5.8,18.4)	14.6	(9.5,21.6)	8.1	(6.4,10.0)	17.4	(13.2,22.3)
From 1 to 2 years	6.5	(4.1,10.0)	11.8	(9.5,14.6)	5.5	(3.3,8.8)	7.4	(4.9,13.2)
> 2 years	82.9	(76.9,87.7)	73.6	(68.6,78.1)	86	(82.3,89.0)	74.4	(65.4,81.7)
Don’t know	0	-	0	-	0.5	(0.07,3.7)	0.9	(0.3,2.7)
Ethnicity
Dagara	7.9	(1.2,37.7)	0.3	(0.0,2.4)	4.2	(0.8,18.5)	0.3	(0.03,2.4))
Birifor	1.1	(0.5,2.3)	3.9	(0.9,14.9)	0.03	(0.0,1.0)	0	-
Dioula	-	-	-	-	0.3	(0.0,1.9)	1.5	(0.2,0.9)
Lobi	82.4	(61.8,93.1)	95.8	(85.5,98.6)	86.7	(72.2,94.3)	96.5	(92.2,98.4)
Mossi	6.8	(1.6,21.9)	0	-	6	(1.4,22.4)	0.3	(0.0,1.7)
Peulh	1.6	(0.9,2.8)	0	-	2.6	(0.9,7.3)	1.5	(0.5,4.3)
Other	0.3	(0.0,1.9)	0	-	0	-	0	-
Language spoken daily
Dagara	7.9	(1.2,37.7)	0	-	4.2	(0.8,18.5)	0	-
Dioula	0.5	(0.1,3.8)	0.3	(0.0,2.4)	0.8	(0.01,5.4)	0.3	(0.0,1.7)
Fulfide	1.6	(0.9,2.8)	0	-	2.6	(0.9,7.3)	1.5	(0.5,3.45)
Lobiri	82.9	(62.2,93.5)	96.1	(81.1,99.3)	86.2	(70.8,94.2)	97.1	(92.2,98.9)
Birifor	0.5	(0.2,1.8)	3.6	(0.6,19.9)	0	-	1.2	(0.01,10.1)
Moore	6.5	(1.7,22.0)	0	-	6.25	(1.4,23.7)	0	-
Access to radio
In compound	14.9	(9.0,23.8)	17.3	(10.7,26.8)	12.3	(0.7,20.8))	18.5	(14.5,23.4)
In household	21.4	(13.8,31.7)	13.7	(10.1,18.2)	36.8	(29.3,45.1)	29.1	(19.3,41.4)
No	63.7	(59.0,68.1)	69	(61.6,75.5)	50.9	(42.6,59.2)	52.4	(39.7,64.7)
Last time listened to radio
Yesterday	10	(42.5,21.9)	7.6	(3.8,14.4)	14.9	(8.9,23.8)	11.5	(7.1,17.9)
In past 7 days	11.9	(8.9,15.8)	10.3	(4.5,22.0)	26.4	(17.0,38.5)	23.5	(12.0,40.8)
Prior to 7 days ago	62	(54.1,69.4)	57.1	(41.0,71.9)	33.9	(26.5,42.2)	41.2	(36.1,46.5)
Never	10.3	(4.9,20.4)	14.3	(7.2,26.2)	1.8	(0.6,6.6)	5.6	(1.8,15.8)
Unknown	5.7	(1.9,16.0)	10.6	(4.9,21.7)	23	(11.2,41.3)	18.2	(11.5,30.0)
Access to mobile phone
In compound	28.2	(15.4,45.8)	34.7	(25.3,45.3)	67.1	(62.8,71.1)	63.5	(59.2,67.7)
In household	51.8	(36.3,66.9)	48.9	(34.7,63.3)	18	(14.7,21.9)	24.1	(18.4,31.0)
No	20.1	(14.7,26.7)	16.4	(8.9,28.2)	14.9	(10.7,20.3)	12.4	(9.3,16.3)
Mobile phone ownership
Yes	26.6	(19.3,36.3)	41.6	(29.8,54.6)	32.6	(22.3,45.1)	44.4	(34.2,55.2)
Access to television
In compound	1.4	(0.5,3.6)	3.7	(2.7,4.8)	4.1	(1.7,9.2)	4	(1.8,8.8)
In household	1.9	(1.0,3.5)	3	(1.5,6.1)	2.4	(0.7,8.0)	3.4	(1.5,7.3)
No	96.8	(94.0,98.3)	93.3	(90.2,95.5)	93.5	(84.3,97.4)	92.7	(86.7,96.0)
Have you seen short films on a mobile phone?
Yes	43	(35.3,50.9)	45.5	(36.8,54.3)	53.7	(46.9,60.3)	65.4	(51.9,76.8)
No	56.8	(48.9,64.2)	54.2	(45.4,62.8)	46.4	(39.7,53.1)	34.6	(23.2,48.1)
I don’t know	0.3	(0.0,1.8)	0.3	(0.0,2.6)	0	-	0	-
On whose phone did you view films? (multiple responses were possible)
My phone	22.6	(13.1,36.2)	25.3	(16.0,37.6)	29.6	(17.8,44.9)	24.7	(14.4,39.0)
My husband’s phone	24.5	(16.8,34.4)	12.7	(7.2,21.4)	16.5	(11.1,23.9)	11.7	(8.4,15.8)
Another person’s phone in compound	16.4	(9.7,26.2)	19.3	(13.6,26.7)	14.6	(8.9,22.9)	12.6	(7.0,21.5)
Another person’s phone in household	18.2	(11.5,27.6)	32.7	(24.9,41.4)	34.5	(23.1,48.0)	36.8	(29.8,44.4)
Friend’s	5.6	(2.3,13.4)	6.0	(3.1,11.2)	1.9	(0.6,6.0)	3.6	(1.4,8.8)
Neighbour’s	11.3	(5.3,22.7)	10.6	(6.3,17.5)	6.3	(3.5,11.1)	9.9	(3.7,23.5)
Other	47.8	(32.7,63.2)	61.3	(51.6,70.3)	56.8	(41.1,71.2)	63.2	(54.8,70.9)

*Missing for age at baseline N = 77 and N = 72 and endline N = 129 and N = 128 for controls and interventions respectively.

Table 2. Characteristics and media use of men at endline.

	Control N = 380		Intervention = 347
	%	95% CI	%	95% CI
Age in years (mean)	38.3	(34.3,42.3)	38.8	(34.7,42.9)
Length of time living in village
< 1 year	2.6	(1.5,4.7)	2.6	(0.8,7.9)
From 1 to 2 years	2.4	(1.3,4.4)	6.1	(2.8,12.5)
> 2 years	89.7	(80.1,95.0)	85.3	(76.8,91.0)
Don’t know	5.3	(1.6,15.9)	6.1	(1.4,23.2)
Ethnicity
Dagara	6.8	(1.1,32.1)	0.9	(0.1,6.4)
Birifor	0	-	3.5	(0.5,21.5)
Dioula	0.3	(0.0,1,2)	0	-
Lobi	85.5	(70.1,93.7)	95.1	(81.8,98.8)
Mossi	4	(1.3,11.3)	0.6	(0.2,2.1)
Peulh	3.4	(0.6,18.2)	0	-
Language spoken daily
Dagara	6.6	(1.0,33.0)	0.3	(0.0,2.2)
Dioula	0.5	(0.1,2.0)	0	-
Fulfide	3.2	(0.4,19.3)	0	-
Lobiri	86.1	(70.1,94.2)	96	(80.4,99.3)
Birifor	0	-	3.5	(0.5,21.5)
Moore	3.7	(2.2, 6.1)	0.3	(0.0 2.0)
Radio ownership
In compound	15	(7.7,27.1)	22	(11.7,37.4)
In household	39.5	(27.8,52.5)	28.3	(18.7,40.4)
No	45.5	(38.6,52.7)	49.7	(41.8,57.6)
Last time listened to radio
Yesterday	24.5	(18.5,31,6)	24.3	(18.2,31.71)
In past 7 days	21.3	(16.8,26.6)	15.6	(12.5,19.3)
Prior to 7 days ago	33.9	(22.7,47.3)	39.6	(27.1,53.6)
Never	1.1	(0.2,4.6)	0.6	(0.1,2.4)
Unknown	19.2	(9.8,34.2)	19.9	(9.1,38.0)
Access to mobile phone
In compound	20.8	(11.7,33.9)	34.1	(19.8,52.0)
In household	62.1	(46.7,75.4)	48.3	(32.6,64.2)
No	17.1	(11.1,25.3)	17.6	(13.2,23.2)
Mobile phone ownership
Yes	66.1	(57.1,74.0)	63.6	(55.6,71.0)
Able to watch videos/movies on their phone
Yes	28.3	(21.1,36.7)	36.5	(29.7,44.0)
Access to television
In compound	1.3	(0.4,4.2)	2.6	(0.9,7.3)
In household	2.9	(1.0,8.2)	1.5	(0.6,3.5)
No	95.8	(91.2,98.0)	95.9	(90.4,98.3)
Have you seen short films on a mobile phone?
Yes	21.6	(14.0,31.7)	45.9	(28.2,64.8)
No	78.4	(68.3,86.0)	54.1	(35.2,71.8)
On whose phone did you view films? (multiple responses were possible)
My phone	67.1	(46.5,82.6)	45.6	(26.9,65.5)
My wife’s phone	0	-	1.3	(0.2,9.4)
Another person’s phone in compound	8.5	(4.0,17.0)	7	(4.6,10.4)
Another person’s phone in household	8.5	(2.2,28.0)	3.2	(1.3,7.5)
Friend’s	11	(7.2,16.4)	10.8	(6.7,16.9)
Neighbour’s	8.5	(3.1,21.9)	9.5	(3.7,22.4)
Other	18.3	(6.8,40.9)	10.1	(6.8,14.8)

Table 3. Lobiri film viewing at endline.

	Endline females				Endline males
	Control N = 384		Intervention N = 341		Control N = 380		Intervention N = 347
	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI	%	95% CI
In the past 6 months, have you heard of films in Lobiri on mobile phones?
Yes	9.1	(3.9,19.8)	60.4	(42.7,75.8)	2.1	(0.8,5.3)	43.9	(24.0,66.0)
No	90.63	(80.4,95.9)	39.6	(24.2,57.3)	97.9	(94.7,99.2)	55.5	(33.9,75.3)
I don’t know	0.3	(0.0,2.3)	0	-	0	-	0.6	(0.1,2.4)
In the past 6 months, have you seen any films in Lobiri on mobile phones?
Yes	0.5	(0.0,4.2)	32.3	(22.8,43.5)	0.5	(0.1,1.9)	31.1	(17.1,49.6)
No	99.5	(95.7,99.9)	67.7	(56.5,77.2)	99.5	(97.9,99.9)	68.9	(63.8,73.6)
Do you have any of these short films on your phone now?
Yes	0	-	10	(4.8,19.8)	0	-	20.6	(13.9. 29.3)
No	100	-	90	(80.2,95.2)	100	-	79.4	(70.7,86.0)

Table 4. Cluster-level difference-in-difference logistic regression analysis showing baseline and endline odds ratio between control and intervention clusters for self-reported knowledge indicators.

	Baseline		Endline
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	P-value*
Do you know about Orasel tablets?	1.17	(0.64, 2.15)	1.72	(0.70, 4.24)	0.317
When your child has diarrhoea, what should you do?
Give Orasel	0.39	(0.11,1.34)	1.3	(0.42,3.99)	0
When your child has a fever what should you do?
Consult health centre	0.65	(0.25, 1.71)	1.18	(0.54, 2.59)	0.238
Consult community health agent	0.61	(0.19,1.99)	0.2	(0.03,1.17)	0.031
When your child has a cough and difficulty breathing what should you do?
Consult health centre	0.63	(0.28,1.42)	1.04	(0.35,3.12)	0.337
Consult community health agent	0.62	(0.17,2.21)	0.28	(0.04,2.19)	0.221
What do you think causes malaria?
Mosquitoes	0.65	(0.21,2.06)	0.64	(0.37, 1.12)	0.973
What do you think causes diarrhoea?
Drinking non-drinking water	1.70	(0.63, 4.57)	0.5	(0.21, 1.22)	0.033
Dirty hands	0.67	(0.27,1.66)	1.83	(0.63,5.33)	0.146
Bad general hygiene	0.46	(0.20, 1.07)	0.5	(0.23,1.08)	0.885
Contact with someone sick	1.85	(0.29,12.01)	0.19	(0.01,2.78)	0.121

*P-value for change in odds ratio for intervention relative to the control from baseline to endline.