Sexual health and wellbeing training with women in Pacific Island Countries and Territories: a scoping review

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA summary [26]

Figure 2. Hierarchy of evidence [27]

Table 1. Summary of included literature

Author, year	Setting	Population	Focus area	Program
Baldwin, 2010 [38]	Papua New Guinea	Community	HIV	Performance drama
Barcham et al., 2016 [37]	Papua New Guinea	Volunteer health workers	Health promotion	Training program
Haseman et al., 2014 [39]	Papua New Guinea	Community	HIV	Folk opera
Heard et al., 2015 [40]	Samoa	University students	Sexually transmitted infections	Health promotion event
Heard et al., 2019 [32]	Samoa	Young people	Intimate relationships	Interactive theatre
National Department of Health Papua New Guinea, 2003 [33]	Papua New Guinea	Village health volunteers	Health worker training	Teaching and learning aids
Natoli et al., 2011 [34]	Papua New Guinea	Community	Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)	Village-level health promotion
Population Services International, 2011 [35]	Papua New Guinea	Married couples	HIV and other sexually transmitted infections	Marital relationship training and program evaluation
Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2015 [36]	PICTs	Health workers	Sexual and reproductive health	Training manual

Table 2. Hierarchy of evidence of promising research practices

Author, year	Hierarchy of Evidence	Rationale
Baldwin, 2010 [38]	Emerging practice	Innovative drama performance intervention to address the gap between awareness and behaviour change regarding sexual health/HIV requires documented evidence of impact
Barcham et al., 2016 [37]	Promising practice	Empowerment-based training program in a resource-limited setting was a local initiative focused on strengths of the individual and community. Provides some evidence for intervention (program) effectiveness although high level evidence required
Haseman et al., 2014 [39]	Emerging practice	Locally-developed folk opera incorporates narrative drama performance with culturally specific poetry, song and dance. May be adapted for health promotion and social justice in other performative cultures. Requires evidence of impact
Heard et al., 2015 [40]	Promising practice	A health promotion initiative used existing social structure inclusive of religious and cultural considerations to promote good relationship and sexual & reproductive health messaging. Comprehensive evaluation of impact required
Heard et al., 2019 [32]	Promising practice	Locally-developed interactive theatre intervention engaged young Samoans in dialogue to better understand social and cultural influences on intimate relationships. Issues of trust and gender were explored. Further evidence of drama as an educational tool for addressing IPV required
National Dept. of Health, 2003 [33]	Emerging practice	Locally-specific program trains volunteer health workers to engage with their community to deliver sexual and reproductive health education and basic medical care. PNG-wide program with candidates assessed against national competency standards is ongoing. Manual only, requires evidence of effectiveness
Natoli et al. 2011 [34]	Promising practice	Approach underpinned by community development principles. Combination of training and an understanding of complex local issues regarding STI transmission and treatment seeking behaviour enables deeper community engagement with health services and positive health outcomes. May be adapted for other PNG initiatives
Population Services International, 2011 [35]	Promising practice	Small-scale program aligned with traditional customs to bring about behaviour change in relation to gender based violence, sexual concurrency and HIV prevention. Participant-led change resulted in improved marital relationships, family wellbeing and reduced HIV transmission risks. Further evaluation needed to adapt and scale-up the project for delivery across PNG and the wider Pacific region
Secretariat of the Pacific Community, 2015 [36]	Emerging practice	Training manual tailored to the Pacific context incorporates a holistic, rights-based framework to address diverse sexual and reproductive health needs. Activities provide opportunity for participants to better understand concepts and develop practical strategies to advance sexual and reproductive health rights for all members of the community. Manual only, evidence of effectiveness required

Figure 3. Centrality of social and cultural context to program themes

Table

1	Women/	14,789
2	Female/	8,841,613
3	Men/	3301
4	Male/	8,700,845
5	1 or 2 or 3 or 4	11,634,452
6	Sex Education	8851
7	train*.mp	592,918
8	educat*.mp	1,055,101
9	workshop*.mp.	40,764
10	instruct*.mp.	110,086
11	6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10	1,538,844
12	Exp Sexual Behavior/	108,484
13	sexual behaviour.mp.	5626
14	sexual behavio?r.mp.	87,512
15	Sexual Health/	1168
16	sexual health.mp.	10,972
17	Sexually Transmitted Diseases/	24,879
18	sexually transmitted infection*.mp.	14,643
19	12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18	162,310
20	exp Polynesia/	10,558
21	polynesia.mp.	2642
22	exp Melanesia/	6525
23	melanesia.mp.	1463
24	exp Micronesia/	2004
25	micronesia.mp.	1666
26	Pacific Islands/	3990
27	pacific island countries.mp.	312
28	(pacific island countries and territories).mp.	99
29	american samoa.mp.	406
30	Cook Islands.mp.	220
31	Federated States of Micronesia.mp.	265
32	fiji.mp.	2038
33	french polynesia.mp.	1025
34	guam.mp.	1366
35	Kiribati.mp.	209
36	Marshall Islands.mp.	308
37	nauru.mp.	159
38	New Caledonia.mp.	1649
39	niue.mp.	74
40	Northern Mariana Islands.mp.	137
41	Palau.mp.	435
42	Papua New Guinea.mp.	5445
43	Pitcairn Islands.mp.	8
44	pitcairn island.mp.	21
45	samoa.mp.	1192
46	solomon islands.mp.	842
47	tahiti.mp.	282
48	tokelau.mp.	96
49	tonga.mp	516
50	tuvalu.mp.	75
51	vanuatu.mp.	735
52	(Wallis and Futuna).mp.	44
53	20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32 or 33 or 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 or 52	27,748
54	5 and 11 and 19 and 53	74
55	Published after 2002	42

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