The relationship between time spent during the first ANC contact, home visits and adherence to ANC contacts in Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of the study sample

Variable	N (%) or Mean (SD)
Socio-demographic characteristics
Mother’s age (years)
18–22	212 (40.8)
23–27	119 (22.9)
≥ 28	188 (36.2)
Marital status
Married	451 (86.9)
Single	68 (13.1)
Mother’s education
No formal education	120 (23.2)
Primary	284 (54.8)
Secondary	91 (17.6)
Higher	23 (4.4)
Employed	127 (24.5)
Partner’s education
No formal education	178 (34.5)
Primary education	192 (37.2)
Secondary	90 (17.4)
Higher	56 (10.9)
Place of residence
Rural	340 (65.5)
Urban	179 (34.5)
Has health insurance	326 (62.8)
Obstetric-related characteristics
Antenatal care (ANC) contacts
0–7	357 (68.8)
≥ 8	162 (31.2)
Planned pregnancy	344 (66.4)
Parity
0–3	450 (86.7)
≥4	69 (13.3)
Time spent at first ANC contact (Minutes)	33 (20.6)
Home visits	135 (26.1)
Payment for any ANC contact	100 (19.3)
Has chronic disease in pregnancy	28 (5.4)
COVID-19 pandemic interfered with my ANC attendance?	29 (5.6)

Table 2. The association between time spent at first ANC contact, home visits, and antenatal care

Variable	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	**Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Time spent at firstANCcontact
< 20 minutes	1	1
≥ 20 minutes	1.32 (0.81,2.13)	2.07 (1.18,3.63) *
Home visits
No	1	1
Yes	2.20 (1.46,3.32)	2.44 (1.51,3.94) *
Mother’s age (years)
18–22	1	1
23–27	1.63 (1.01,2.65)	1.25 (0.72,2.18)
≥ 28	1.37 (0.89,2.11)	1.50 (0.83,2.71)
Marital status
Married	1	1
Single	0.59 (0.32,1.08)	1.00 (0.48,2.08)
Mother’s education
No formal education	1	1
Primary education	1.39 (0.85,2.27)	1.62 (0.89,2.95)
Secondary	1.62 (0.89,2.97)	2.24 (1.00,5.01)
Higher	5.88 (2.25,15.37)	6.02 (1.49,24.3) *
Employed
No	1	1
Yes	1.48 (0.97,2.26)	0.91 (0.53,1.55)
Partner’s education
No formal education	1	1
Primary education	1.18 (0.75,1.86)	0.97 (0.56,1.68)
Secondary	1.46 (0.84,2.54)	1.10 (0.56,2.15)
Higher	2.60 (1.39,4.85)	1.04 (0.43,2.52)
Place of residence
Rural	1	1
Urban	1.43 (0.97,2.10)	1.35 (0.87,2.11)
Health insurance status
No	1	1
Yes	1.50 (1.01,2.23)	1.13 (0.71,1.80)
Planned pregnancy
No	1	1
Yes	2.44 (1.58,3.77)	2.44 (1.46,4.08) *
Parity
0–3	1	1
≥4	0.57 (0.31,1.05)	0.60 (0.27,1.30)
Payment for any ANC contact
No	1	1
Yes	1.11 (0.69,1.77)	1.47 (0.87,2.49)
Chronic disease in pregnancy
No	1	1
Yes	0.87 (0.38,2.03)	0.77 (0.27,2.20)
COVID-19 pandemic interfered with my ANC attendance?
No	1	1
Yes	0.24 (0.07,0.81)	0.23 (0.06,0.85) *

OR = odds ratio; * = Significant at P – value < 0.05; 1 = Reference category; **Adjusted model included all covariates.