Diabetes prevalence and risk factors of early-onset adult diabetes: results from the Indonesian family life survey

Figures & data

Figure 1. Indonesian family life survey: Number of participants in present study following inclusion and exclusion criteria

Table 1. Indonesian family life survey: Distribution of diabetes cases (based on self-report and HbA1c test) and prevalence estimates in the study cohort by age

Self-reported Diabetes^§	HbA1c Test^#	Age groups*						Total
		15–19	20–30	31–40	41–50	51–60	> 60
+	≥ 6.5%	0	1	2	13	46	58	120
+	< 6.5%	1	1	7	4	14	24	51
+	NA	1	21	83	140	201	179	625
–	≥ 6.5%	10	29	69	73	97	162	440
–	< 6.5%	515	1340	1297	776	784	1376	6088
–	NA	2616	6919	7462	5009	3101	2336	27,443
Total tested		526	1371	1375	866	941	1620	6699
Total non-tested		2617	6940	7545	5149	3302	2515	28,068
Total		3143	8311	8920	6015	4243	4135	34,767
Prevalence estimates, based on	self-report (among all)	0.1%	0.3%	1.0%	2.6%	6.2%	6.3%	2.3%
	self-report (among tested)	0.2%	0.1%	0.7%	2.0%	6.4%	5.1%	2.6%
	self-report or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (among tested)	2.1%	2.3%	5.7%	10.4%	16.7%	15.1%	9.1%

* Age (in years) in 2014.

^§Self-reported diabetes summarized from overall ‘Diabetes Diagnosis’ variable.

^# At the 5^th IFLS HbA1c test was first performed on a sample of a participants (level ≥6.5% = diabetes positive).

Figure 2. Indonesian family life survey: Diabetes prevalence estimates in the cohort according to self-report and HbA1c measurement in different age groups and each sex

Table 2. Indonesian family life survey: Cohort characteristics defined by diabetes status and age at diagnosis (in years)

Variable		Diabetes (age 20–40) (N = 273)	Diabetes (age > 40) (N = 937^^)	No diabetes (N = 30,400)	Total^§ (N = 31,610)
Birth year	Before 1960	14 (5.1%)	609 (65.0%)	5374 (17.7%)	5997 (19.0%)
	1960–1969	22 (8.1%)	259 (27.6%)	4904 (16.1%)	5185 (16.4%)
	1970–1979	122 (44.7%)	69 (7.4%)	7072 (23.3%)	7263 (23.0%)
	1980 − 1989	97 (35.5%)	0 (0.0%)	8900 (29.3%)	8997 (28.5%)
	1990 onwards	18 (6.6%)	0 (0.0%)	4150 (13.7%)	4168 (13.2%)
Sex	Female	139 (50.9%)	527 (56.2%)	15,868 (52.2%)	16,534 (52.3%)
	Male	134 (49.1%)	410 (43.8%)	14,532 (47.8%)	15,076 (47.7%)
Education level	Low	71 (26.0%)	501 (53.5%)	11,608 (38.2%)	12,180 (38.6%)
	Middle	148 (54.2%)	308 (32.9%)	14,467 (47.7%)	14,923 (47.3%)
	High	54 (19.8%)	127 (13.6%)	4281 (14.1%)	4462 (14.1%)
General childhood health condition	Poor	22 (8.6%)	65 (8.1%)	2100 (7.7%)	2187 (7.7%)
	Fair	64 (24.9%)	200 (24.8%)	8030 (29.4%)	8294 (29.3%)
	Good	108 (42.0%)	322 (40.0%)	10,889 (39.9%)	11,319 (39.9%)
	Very good	43 (16.7%)	153 (19.0%)	4886 (17.9%)	5082 (17.9%)
	Excellent	20 (7.8%)	66 (8.2%)	1379 (5.1%)	1465 (5.2%)
Ever experienced starvation in childhood	No	237 (92.2%)	685 (85.0%)	25,002 (91.6%)	25,924 (91.5%)
	Yes	20 (7.8%)	121 (15.0%)	2282 (8.4%)	2423 (8.5%)
Childhood socio-economic level	Low	32 (12.5%)	98 (12.2%)	3911 (14.3%)	4041 (14.3%)
	Middle	145 (56.4%)	408 (50.6%)	13,183 (48.3%)	13,736 (48.5%)
	High	80 (31.1%)	300 (37.2%)	10,191 (37.4%)	10,571 (37.3%)
Residential area in childhood	Urban	11,335 (56.6%)	75 (42.1%)	324 (42.2%)	11,734 (56.0%)
	Rural	8677 (43.4%)	103 (57.9%)	443 (57.8%)	9223 (44.0%)

^{^}Includes diabetes patients with unknown age at diagnosis (n = 15).

^§ Individuals without diabetes age <20, individuals who reported having diabetes diagnosed at age <20 and women who developed diabetes during pregnancy were excluded.

Table 3. Indonesian family life survey: Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses on sex and childhood conditions, Indonesia <1993 – 2014 > .

Outcome: Early-onset Diabetes	Levels	n (%)	HR ^§ (Univariable)	HR ^§ (Multivariable)^°
Sex	Female	16,534 (52.3)	1	1
	Male	15,076 (47.7)	1.03 (0.81–1.30, p = 0.83)	0.98 (0.77–1.25, p = 0.883)
Education level	Low	12,180 (38.6)	1	1
	Middle	14,923 (47.3)	2.67 (2.01–3.55, p < 0.001)	1.34 (0.95–1.87, p = 0.094)
	High	4462 (14.1)	3.49 (2.45–4.98, p < 0.001)	1.67 (1.10–2.52, p = 0.015)
General health in childhood	Poor	2187 (7.7)	1.00 (0.63–1.58, p = 0.999)	1.11 (0.69–1.80, p = 0.666)
	Fair	8294 (29.3)	0.83 (0.61–1.13, p = 0.237)	0.82 (0.60–1.11, p = 0.199)
	Good	11,319 (39.9)	1	1
	Very good	5082 (17.9)	0.95 (0.66–1.35, p = 0.762)	0.85 (0.60–1.21, p = 0.375)
	Excellent	1465 (5.2)	1.34 (0.83–2.16, p = 0.232)	1.48 (0.92–2.39, p = 0.105)
Ever experienced starvation in childhood	No	25,924 (91.5)	1	1
	Yes	2423 (8.5)	0.67 (0.42–1.05, p = 0.083)	1.23 (0.76–1.99, p = 0.397)
Childhood socio-economic level	Low	4041 (14.3)	0.72 (0.49–1.05, p = 0.088)	0.87 (0.58–1.29, p = 0.488)
	Middle	13,736 (48.5)	1	1
	High	10,571 (37.3)	0.65 (0.49–0.85, p = 0.002)	0.82 (0.62–1.09, p = 0.165)
Residence area in childhood	Rural	11,734 (37.1)	1	1
	Urban	9223 (29.2)	1.67 (1.24–2.25, p = 0.001)	1.51 (1.08–2.10, p = 0.016)
	Unknown	10,653 (33.7)	1.59 (1.17–2.15, p = 0.003)	0.97 (0.71–1.33, p = 0.853)

^§ HR – hazard ratio stratified by birth year and include household as clusters.

^° Multivariable model: n = 28,312; n cases = 257.