Impact of a livelihood promotion program on income generation and food consumption among ultra-poor households in rural Bangladesh

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of study area.

Figure 2. Household asset provisions.

Table 1. Asset management characteristics of the participating beneficiaries in ED program in Bangladesh over 12-months follow up

		3mo F/U (JAN-MAR 2019)	6mo F/U (APR-JUN 2019)	9mo F/U (JUL-SEP 2019)	12mo F/U (OCT-DEC 2019)
Asset		Mean (±SD)	Mean (±SD)	Mean (±SD)	Mean (±SD)	p-value^c
Duck ^a	Total household^b	1228	1232	1223	1233
	Asset per household^b	9.2 (5.7)	14.9 (10.0)	8.0 (8.1)	6.2 (5.8)	<0.001
	Newly born^b	2.5 (4.8)	2.3 (5.1)	1.1 (3.5)	1.2 (3.6)	<0.001
	Newly purchased^b	1.0 (2.8)	1.0 (3.0)	1.1 (6.3)	0.9 (2.1)	0.57
	Died^b	3.7 (2.5)	3.1 (3.3)	4.5 (5.4)	1.8 (3.6)	<0.001
	Meat consumed^b	0.2 (0.6)	0.6 (1.3)	1.9 (2.3)	1.2 (2.4)	<0.001
	Egg consumed^b	73.0 (99.8)	59.1 (119.8)	47.2 (73.8)	40.6 (59.9)	<0.001
	Asset sold^b	1.5 (3.3)	0.9 (2.3)	2.7 (4.7)	1.0 (3.0)	<0.001
	Income (TK) ^b	1009 (1208)	694 (1207)	971 (1334)	582 (1055)	<0.001
Chicken	Total household^b	856	872	861	872
	Asset per household^b	9.0 (5.9)	16.9 (13.6)	10.7 (10.8)	8.2 (8.7)	<0.001
	Newly born^b	1.4 (4.3)	2.2 (5.2)	2.5 (5.1)	3.2 (5.6)	<0.001
	Newly purchased^b	1.8 (3.5)	1.6 (7.3)	1.4 (4.8)	1.2 (3.1)	0.19
	Died^b	4.0 (3.3)	4.0 (4.1)	4.3 (4.3)	2.5 (3.4)	<0.001
	Meat consumed^b	0.5 (1.2)	0.9 (2.1)	2.8 (3.8)	2.4 (4.0)	<0.001
	Egg consumed^b	13.2 (35.0)	25.4 (57.5)	35.9 (69.5)	23.7 (48.4)	<0.001
	Asset sold^b	0.9 (2.8)	0.7 (2.1)	3.2 (5.7)	2.0 (4.1)	<0.001
	Income (TK) ^b	292 (748)	333 (752)	753 (1244)	544 (1129)	<0.001
Vegetable	Total household ^b	1709	2407	2358	2407
	Produced (kg) ^b	26.8 (41.2)	14.7 (39.8)	17.0 (39.3)	20.1 (47.7)	<0.001
	Consumed (kg) ^b	15.0 (20.4)	7.8 (12.6)	10.7 (14.7)	12.0 (19.8)	<0.001
	Sold (kg) ^b	14.2 (40.0)	6.9 (32.2)	6.3 (23.8)	8.1 (36.4)	<0.001
	Income (TK) ^b	256 (730)	92 (391)	85 (337)	118 (466)	<0.001

Abbreviations: ED, Economic Development; SD, Standard Deviation; TK, Bangladeshi Taka

^aHouseholds with 11 ducks as the initial asset in the ED program.

^bOne-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted across the quarterly follow-ups.

^cP-value was generated by chi-square test.

Table 2. Asset maintenance and new adoption of ducks, chicken, and vegetables of the participating beneficiaries in ED program in Bangladesh over 12-months follow up

		3mo F/U (JAN-MAR 2019)	6mo F/U (APR-JUN 2019)	9mo F/U (JUL-SEP 2019)	12mo F/U (OCT-DEC 2019)	p-value ^a
Characteristics	n	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Households maintaining ducks among duck group	2095	2032 (97.0)	2052 (97.9)	1829 (87.3)	1770 (84.5)	<0.001
Households newly adopting ducks among non-duck group	865	14 (1.6)	61 (7.1)	97 (11.2)	156 (18.3)	<0.001
Households maintaining chicken	872	801 (91.9)	818 (93.8)	728 (83.5)	696 (79.8)	<0.001
Households newly adopting chicken from non-chicken group	2088	146 (7.0)	217 (10.4)	343 (16.4)	974 (46.6)	<0.001
Households producing vegetables	2403	N/A	1584 (65.9)	1671 (69.5)	1773 (73.8)	<0.001

Abbreviations: ED, Economic Development;

^aP-value was generated by chi-square test.

Table 3. Annual income and consumption of the participating beneficiaries with 11 ducks and 11 chicken in ED program in Bangladesh

		n	Mean (±SD)	Median (IQR)	Min, Max	Crude log transformed β coefficient(95%CI)	p value	Adjusted log transformed β coefficient(95%CI) ^a	p-value
Annual Income (TK)	Duck	1218	1480 (1892)	900 (0, 2100)	0, 16,000	1.18 (1.07–1.29)	0.001	1.15 (1.05–1.26)	0.003
	Chicken	845	1283 (1655)	650 (0, 1950)	0, 11,700	REF		REF
	Duck Egg	1203	1778 (2253)	1045 (300, 2490)	0, 22,850	2.22 (2.22–2.51)	<0.001	2.21 (1.97–2.49)	<0.001
	Chicken Egg	823	657 (1376)	80 (0, 700)	0, 10,248	REF		REF
	Duck + Egg	1200	3267 (3246)	2400 (1000, 4650)	0, 24,650	1.68 (1.52–1.86)	<0.001	1.65 (1.50–1.82)	<0.001
	Chicken + Egg	822	1930 (2321)	1175 (145, 2878)	0, 14,400	REF		REF
Annual consumption	Duck	1222	3.8 (3.7)	3 (1, 5)	0, 32	0.08 (0.06–0.12)	<0.001	0.09 (0.06–0.13)	<0.001
	Chicken	846	6.6 (6.0)	5 (2, 9)	0, 39	REF		REF
	Duck Egg	1196	224 (235)	170 (72, 295)	0, 2190	2.49 (2.27–2.73)	<0.001	2.40 (2.19–2.62)	<0.001
	Chicken Egg	820	101 (139)	49 (10, 133)	0, 740	REF		REF

^aAdjusted for village location