Self-management and self-efficacy of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Search strategy.

Table 1. Study characteristics.

#	Author, Date & Country	Aim of Study	Method of data collection	Participants
1	Parsons et al. [10] 2018, UK	The aim of this research was to explore the experiences of GDM and GDM care for a group of women attending a large diabetes pregnancy unit in southeast London, UK, in order to improve care.	Qualitative study	Framework analysis was used to support an integrated analysis of data from six focus groups with 35 women and semi-structured interviews with 15 women, held in 2015. Participants were purposively sampled
2	Carolan et al. [11] 2013, Negara:Australia	Objective: to explore women’s experiences of self-managing their gestational diabetes.	Qualitative study	Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and one focus group. Participants included 15 women with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes who had experienced self-management of their condition.
3	Carolan et al. [12] 2018, Australia	Aimed to explore the factors that support and inhibit selfmanagement in pregnant women with gestational diabetes	Qualitative study	Semi structured interview and focus group discussion. 15 pregnant women with DMG with 28–38 weeks’ gestation were included
4	Neufeld et al. [13] 2011, Canada	To describe how Aboriginal women in an urban setting perceive dietary treatment recommendations associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).	Qualitative study	29 Aboriginal women who were diagnosed with DMG for a period of time in the last 5 years in Winnipeg, Manitoba Semi-structured explanatory model interview
5	Khooshehchin et al. [14] 2016, Iran	Study is aimed at a deeper understanding of women’s experiences of gestational diabetes and their perceived needs to inform future lifestyle interventions.	Qualitative study	Participants consisted of 12 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes in 24–36th week of pregnancyIn-depth interviews were conducted with participants, using semi-structured questions. Data saturation was obtained after 12 interviews.
6	Wah et al. [15] 2019	To explore the understanding and self-management experiences of Gestational diabetes among Chinese migrants.	Qualitative study	Data were collected through individual semi-structured face-to-face interviews. 18 pregnant women with DMG who are ethnic Chinese migrants living in Australia
7	Schmittdiel et al. [16] 2013, USA	Evaluation of a telephonic health-coaching service for patients at high risk of diabetes, as well as postpartum glucose test and a diabetes preventive educational program.	Survey	From January 1 to 23 August 2011, patients who engaged in wellness coaching. N = 1,427
8	Kim et al. [17] 2013, South Korea	The aim of this study was to see how an integrated self-management program affected self-management, glycemic control, and maternal identity in women with gestational diabetes (GDM).	Experimental	Women with GDM were recruited from Cheil General Hospital in Seoul, South Korea, and divided into experimental (n = 28) and control (n = 27) groups. N = 55
9	Jeon et al. [18] 2018, South Korea	The aim of this study was to see how a postnatal care program affected women with gestational diabetes mellitus’ self-efficacy, self-management, and glycemic control (GDM).	Experimental	Women with GDM were enrolled and randomly allocated to one of two groups: experimental (n = 30) or control (n = 32). The experimental group received a postnatal care program for women with GDM as an intervention. N = 62
10	Al-Hashmi et al. [19] 2019, Oman	The aim of this study was to see how successful a self-efficacy-enhancing intervention (SEEI) was at improving perceived self-efficacy and actual adherence to healthy behaviors in women with gestational diabetes (GDM).	Experimental	N = 90 adult Omani women with GDM were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group receiving conventional prenatal care or a SEEI group receiving SEEI.

Table

S.No	Specifications	No	Yes	Where
1	Eligibility criteria were specified.
2	Subjects were randomly allocated to groups.
3	Allocation was concealed.
4	The groups were similar at baseline regarding most critical prognostic indicators.
5	There was blinding of all subjects.
6	There was blinding of all therapists.
7	There was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key point.
8	The measure of at least one key outcome was obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groups.
9	All subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated or, where this was not the case, data for at least one key outcome was analyzed by ‘intention to treat’.
10	The results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcome.
11	The study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least key outcomes.

Parsons J, Sparrow K, Ismail K, et al. Experiences of gestational diabetes and gestational diabetes care: a focus group and interview study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018 Dec;18:1–2.

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Carolan M. Women’s experiences of gestational diabetes self-management: a qualitative study. Midwifery. 2013 Jun 1;29:637–645.

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Carolan M, Gill GK, Steele C. Women’s experiences of factors that facilitate or inhibit gestational diabetes self-management. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012 Dec;12:1–2.

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Neufeld HT. Food perceptions and concerns of aboriginal women coping with gestational diabetes in Winnipeg, Manitoba. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2011 Nov 1;43:482–491.

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Khooshehchin TE, Keshavarz Z, Afrakhteh M, et al. Perceived needs in women with gestational diabetes: a qualitative study. Electron Physician. 2016 Dec;8:3412.

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Wah YY, McGill M, Wong J, et al. Self-management of gestational diabetes among Chinese migrants: a qualitative study. Women Birth. 2019 Feb 1;32:17–23.

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Schmittdiel JA, Brown SD, Neugebauer R, et al. Peer reviewed: health-plan and employer-based wellness programs to reduce diabetes risk: the Kaiser Permanente Northern California NEXT-D study. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10. DOI:10.5888/pcd10.120146

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Kim H, Kim S. Effects of an integrated self-management program on self-management, glycemic control, and maternal identity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2013;43:69–80.

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Jeon YK, Kim HJ, Yang MY, et al. Effects of a postnatal care program on self-efficacy, self-management, and glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Korean J Women Health Nurs. 2018;24:367–378.

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Al-Hashmi I, Hodge F, Nandy K, et al. The effect of a self-efficacy-enhancing intervention on perceived self-efficacy and actual adherence to healthy behaviors among women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2018;18:513.

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