Population mobility : spatial spillover effect of government health expenditure in China

Figures & data

Figure 1. Influence mechanism of GHE on UHC.

Table 1. Universal health coverage index.

1st indices	2nd indices	3rd indices	Abbreviation	Rationale	Weight	Positive indicator/Negative indicator
Universal Health Coverage	Promotionb /prevention	Antenatal care coverage	ACC	Proposed in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework.	0.05	P
		Examination Before Marriage	EBM	Proposed as a characterization indicator for the “reproductive” component of the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework.	0.05	P
		Percentage of the population using improved drinking water sources	PID	Proposed in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework; Included in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Report.	0.05	P
		Percentage of the population using improved sanitation facilities	PDS	Proposed in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework; Included in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Report.	0.05	P
		Gynecological Examination	GE	Proposed as a characterization indicator for the “reproductive” component of the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework.	0.05	P
	Treatment	Delivery in Hospital	DIH	Proposed for inclusion in Meng et al.’s health service indicators in China.	0.0625	P
		Incidence Rate of Whooping Cough	IRWC	Proposed as an alternative indicator for Child immunization (DTP3) in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Frameworks.	0.0625	N
		Incidence Rate of Tetanus in Newborn	IRTN		0.0625	N
		Fatality Rate of Tuberculosis	FRTB	Proposed as an alternative indicator for TB effective treatment (TB) in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Frameworks.	0.0625	N
	Service and Accessibility	Health Institutions Per 1000	HI	Proposed as an important supplementary indicator of service and accessibility.	0.0667	P
		Health per 1000	HP	Proposed in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework.	0.0667	P
		Beds per 1000	BD	Proposed in the World Bank and WHO Monitoring Framework.	0.0667	P
	Financial protection	Proportion of Urban Health Insurance	UHIC	Proposed for inclusion in Meng et al.’s financial protection indicators in China.	0.25	P

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of universal health coverage indicators.

Variables	Max	Min	Mean	Std. Dev.
ACC	100.00	27.21	82.30	14.21
EBM	100.00	0.18	34.21	32.09
PID	100.00	26.61	68.55	18.79
PDS	99.80	18.20	64.39	18.72
GE	165.62	9.70	56.38	26.62
DIH	100.00	26.74	92.71	13.00
IRWC	7.05	0.00	0.37	0.79
IRTN	10.35	0.00	0.22	0.92
FRTB	2.49	0.00	0.32	0.29
HI	21.79	1.24	5.49	3.55
HP	15.46	2.00	5.06	1.92
BD	7.55	1.48	3.96	1.45
UHIC	0.76	0.02	0.18	0.13

Figure 2. Ranking of UHC index in China.

Figure 3. The spatial correlation of UHC in 2004, 2010, and 2018.

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of variables.

Variable type	Variable name	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Dependent variable	UHC	465	0.49	0.11	0.21	0.77
Independent variable	GHE	465	5.87	4.68	0.29	31.08
Control variables	TA	465	2.52	3.64	0	38.63
	PM	465	1.03	0.16	0.80	1.69
	PGDP	465	3.8357	2.5495	0.4316	14.0211
	PHE	465	7.40	4.83	0.90	29.00
	Aging	465	0.13	0.03	0.07	0.23
	HC	465	8.61	1.22	3.74	12.56

Table 4. Spatial spillover effect decomposition of UHC with DSDM.

Indicator Name	Short-Term Effect			Long-Term Effect
	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total
GHE	−0.047***	0.050***	0.003	0.144***	−0.142***	0.002
	(0.00407)	(0.00664)	(0.00491)	(0.015)	(0.0158)	(0.00305)
GHE*Population Mobility	0.033***	0.009	0.042***	−0.130***	0.156***	0.026***
	(0.0033)	(0.00608)	(0.00464)	(0.0135)	(0.0141)	(0.00288)
Rho	3.720***
	(0.053)
Year	yes
ID	yes
Control	yes
_cons	yes
R-squared	0.207

*, **, and *** indicate significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.