Spiritual intelligence: a scoping review on the gateway to mental health

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA-ScR flow diagram [14].

Figure 2. Geographic distribution of included studies.

Figure 3. Number of included studies by year of publication.

Table 1. Summary of main findings in the included studies.

Author (year)	Type of study	Setting	Sample/Participants	Aims	SI instrument	Main results
Tirri et al. (2005)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Military	195 peacekeepers	SI and multiple intelligences profile	Own instrument	Scale validation
Yang et al. (2007)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-inferential)	Healthcare	130 nurses	SI profile among nurses and relationships with individual characteristics and religion	PsychoMatrix Spirituality Inventory, Wolman (2001)	Nurses with religious affiliation have higher SI scores and religious beliefs correlate to SI factors
King et al. (2009)	Quantitative (scale validation)	Education	619 psychology undergraduate students	Developing and validating a SI instrument	Own instrument (SISRI)	Scale validation; SI was positively correlated with meaning of life, metapersonal, mysticism, intrinsic-extrinsic religiosity and desirable responding
Martin et al. (2009)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Education	532 university business students	SI and EI effect on work-performance	Adapted from SI, Ashmos and Duchon (2000)	EI and SI are statistically correlated
Yang et al. (2009)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-inferential)	Healthcare	524 nurses	SI profile and demographics in two different Chinese societies	PsychoMatrix Spirituality Inventory, Wolman (2001)	Nurses with vocational schooling and religious affiliation had higher SI; age, childhood spirituality and social system were significant predictorsof SI
Narayanan et al. (2011)	Quantitative (cross sectional descriptive)	Education	220 Christian adolescents	SI and resilience among Christian youth	Integrated SI Scale, Amram and Dryer (2008)	Of the 22 SI capabilities studied, 16 were significantly positively correlated with resilience and explain 57% of its variance
King et al. (2012)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	General Population	420 (362 university students & 58 general population)	Relationship between EI and SI, empathy as a potential component of SI	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Assessing Emotions Scale (Schutte et al., 1998) and Trait Meta Mood Scale (Salovey et al., 1995) displayed significant low-to-moderate positive correlations with the SISRI-24; Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (Caruso & Mayer, 1998) showed no relation to SISRI-24
Honarmand et al. (2012)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	221 adolescents	SI and happiness of adolescents in Iran	Spiritual sensitivity scale	Positive relation between happiness and SI; SI can predict 67% of variations in happiness scores
Kaur et al.. (2013)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Healthcare	448 nurses (& 348 patients)	Nurses’ caring behavior and SI, EI, psychological ownership and burnout	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Positive relationship between SI and EI; nurses with higher SI have higher levels of psychological ownership towards their jobs which also mediates the positive relationship between SI and caring behavior;
Azizollah et al. (2013)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	250 university students	SI and EI effect on student achievement	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Interrelationships between different types of intelligence (SI, EI) and achievement
Shahbakhsh et al. (2013)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	100 patients referred to the addiction center	SI and resilience effect on withdrawal time of individuals treated with methadone	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Positive correlation between resilience and SI and withdrawal time and SI
Rani et al. (2013)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-inferential)	Healthcare	506 nurses	SI effect on nurses’ work performance	Integrated SI Scale, Amram and Dryer (2008)	Positive correlation between SI and work performance; nurse’s tenure is moderating factor between SI and work performance
Hassan et al. (2013)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	247 adolescents	SI, EI and mental health in adolescents	Integrated SI Scale, Amram and Dryer (2008)	SI highly positively related with EI; SI has significant indirect effect via EI on reducing mental health problems explaining 68% of variance; SI and its dimensions were highly negatively related with mental health problems
Azizi et al. (2013)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	120 EFL students	SI and EFL learners’ use of vocabulary learning strategies	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Significant correlation between SI and metacognitive strategies and social strategies; females showed higher spiritual intelligence scores
Khosravi et al. (2014)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	307 university students	SI, resilience and perceived stress among students	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Positive and significant relationship between SI and resilience; SI predicts 10% of resilience variance; negative and significant relationship between SI and perceived stress; SI predicts 11% of perceived stress variance
Khayyam Nekouei et al. (2014)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	398 patients with coronary heart disease	Psychological risk and protective factors and quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease	SQ-21 Wigglesworth (2021)	Among the protective factors of coronary heart disease, SI with a factor loading of 0.58 had the maximum value
Saeedi et al. (2014)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	115 female students	SI and religious orientation of students	Own instrument	Positive correlation between SI and religious orientation; last year students have higher SI
Anwar et al. (2015)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Organizations	107 employees of manufacturing and service industries	SI effect on employee citizenship behavior in manufacturing and service employees	Adapted from SISRI-24 King and DeCicco (2009)	Organizational citizenship behavior is positively correlated with SI, which answers for 24.8% of its variation
Mahasneh et al. (2015)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Education	682 university students	SI profile and link to personality traits	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Positive significant relationship between SI and personality traits which explains 12% variance in critical existential thinking, 10,7% in personal meaning production, 5,7% in transcendental awareness and 9,3% in conscious state expansion SI dimensions
Chan et al. (2016)	Quantitative (scale validation)	Education	213 university students	Developing and validating a SI instrument	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Scale validation; SI was positively correlated with meaning in life, metapersonal self-construal and satisfaction with life
Jorge et al. (2016)	Quantitative (scale validation)	General population	718 adults	Developing and validating a SI instrument	Integrated SI Scale, Amram and Dryer (2008)	Scale validation
Amirian et al. (2016)	Quantitative (cross sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	384 university students	SI, general health and happiness among students	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Higher SI positively relates and predicts better general health and happiness
Geram, Kazem (2016)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	300 male teachers	SI and EI effect on social adjustment of male high-school teachers	SI Questionnaire, Badii et al. (2000)	Significant positive relation between social adjustment and SI
Udin et al.. (2017)	quantitative (cross sectional descriptive-correlational)	Organizations	239 automobile engineers	SI and intrinsic motivation effect on affective commitment and engineer performance	Own instrument	SI positively affects affective commitment and engineer performance
Fazlolah, MirDrikvand (2018)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	290 high school teachers	identity styles and SI of high school teachers	SI Questionnaire, Abdullah Zadeh (2008)	Positive correlation between SI and informative identity style, normative style and commitment identity
Riahi et al. (2018)	Quantitative (quasi-experimental)	Healthcare	82 ICU nurses (40 experimental vs 42 control group)	SI training and nurses’ competence in spiritual care	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Higher SI after intervention; higher spiritual care competence after intervention; mean scores of spiritual care competence in the experimental group were higher than the control group;
Malini et al. (2018)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Education	523 undergraduate students	students SI and motivation and the mediating effects of gender	SI, Hildebrant (2011)	Moderate influence of motivation on SI; all SI domains are significantly correlated to the overall motivation
Abdollahpour et al. (2018)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Healthcare	245 pregnant women	SI and happiness effect on fear of childbirth in pregnant women	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	People with higher score of SI are happier; negative correlation between SI with fear of childbirth; mothers who had no fear of childbirth had a higher level of SI
Antunes et al. (2018)	Quantitative (scale validation)	General Population	767 adults	Developing and validating an SI instrument	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Scale validation
Zarrinabadi et al. (2018)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	260 university medical librarianship students	Validating an SI instrument	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Internal validity of SI instrument confirmed
Baloochi et al. (2018)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	300 bachelor students of medical sciences	SI and aggression among Iranian medical sciences students	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Significant positive correlation between SI and older age, married status and management study field; negative relationship between SI and aggression, predicting 29,5% of variation
Rahmanian et al. (2018 & 2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	200 adolescents with type 1 diabetes	SI effect on selfmanagement in adolescents with type 1 diabetes	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	SI can predict 4.7% of diabetes selfmanagement changes and its effect on diabetes selfmanagement with special impact of SI dimension of personal meaning production
				SI and selfefficacy in diabetic adolescents		significant relationship between SI and selfefficacy
				SI and demographics in diabetic adolescents		none of the variables were related
Sharma, Sonia (2019)	Quantitative (graphic survey method)	General population	530 women (280 professional vs 250 non-professional workers)	SI, EI and life satisfaction among professional and non-professional working women	SI Scale, Dhar and Dhar (2010)	professional working women with high spiritual intelligence are better adjusted than their counterparts
Hatami et al. (2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Healthcare	134 pregnant women	SI and resilience relationship with fear of childbirth in pregnant women	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	significant correlation between SI and resilience; SI higher in natural childbirth than cesarean; SI higher in nulliparous women than multipara; SI higher with education level; age increases level of resilience and SI
Polemikou et al. (2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Organizations	182 first responders	SI as a moderator between death anxiety and dissociative post-traumatic stress disorder among first responders	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	weak positive associations between SI and death anxiety as well as with dissociative experiences; SI and death anxiety predict/explain 77% of the variance in dissociative experiences; death anxiety was significantly related to dissociation, and SI significantly moderated that relationship with higher SI in high-level dissociation group
Polemikou et al. (2019)	Quantitative (scale validation)	General population	1777 adults	Developing and validating an SI instrument	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	scale validation; SI was positively correlated with meaning in life and resilience; inverse correlation between SI and nonreligious-nonspiritual scale (higher scores represent weak institutional religiousness/individual spirituality)
Dami et al. (2019)	Quantitative (quasi-experimental)	Education	64 students with final exams (32 intervention vs 32 control groups)	Effectiveness of depression, anxiety, stress and SI focused group counseling for students facing final exams	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	SI increased after the intervention compared to the control group, mainly due to the critical existential thinking and personal meaning production components; after the intervention also depression, anxiety and stress experienced a significant decrease compared to the control group
Mosavinezhad et al. (2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Education	300 university psychology students	SI and personal beliefs effect on social anxiety among students	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	negative correlation between SI and social anxiety; existential critical thinking, personal meaning and purpose, and transcendental consciousness dimensions of SI inversely predict social anxiety in up to 42% of its variance
Feng et al. (2019)	Quantitative (scale validation)	General population	605 university students and employees	Developing and validating an SI instrument	own instrument (Scale of SI for the Chinese Context)	scale validation
Ghalaychi et al. (2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	200 midwives (& their patients with vaginal births)	Spiritual health and SI of midwifery students and satisfaction of patients with vaginal childbirth	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	positive correlation between SI of midwives and mothers’ satisfaction with vaginal childbirth
Ebrahimi Barmi et al. (2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	163 rehabilitation experts	SI and resilience of rehabilitation staff	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	positive relationship between SI and resilience in rehabilitation staff
Pahlevan Sharif et al. (2019)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Military	211 male Iran–Iraq war veterans with war-related disabilities	SI, spiritual well-being and death anxiety among Iranian veterans	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	significant positive relationship between SI and death anxiety
Sondakh et al. (2020)	Quantitative (scale validation)	Education	548 undergraduate students	Developing and validating a SI instrument	own instrument (Hi-ACT)	scale validation
Arnout et al. (2020)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	General population	761 unemployed persons	Relationship between unemployment stress, SI and mental health components	SI scale (SIS-27), Arnout (2016)	factors of spiritual intelligence (spiritual mindfulness, spiritual abilities, and spiritual presence) intermediate between unemployment stress and mental health of unemployed adults
Anwar et al. (2020)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Education	250 Muslim business administration university students	Developing and validating a SI instrument and SI relationship to EI among students	own instrument (SI from an Islamic perspective)	significant relationship between SI from an Islamic perspective and EI
MARTÍN-SÁNCHEZ et al. (2020)	Quantitative (scale validation)	General population	528 adults	Developing and validating a SI instrument	Cuestionario de Inteligência Espiritual	gender differences in SI domains profiles (women higher: transcendence, compassion, forgiveness and gratitude; men higher: freedom and pain); conscience, transcendence, freedom and pain SI domains increase with education; different religious beliefs promote different SI profiles; shared living relates to higher transcendence, meaning, compassion and pain SI domains; significant positive correlation to resilience
Arsang-Jang et al. (2020)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	376 nurses	SI and ethical decision making in hospital nurses	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	postconventional nursing principled thinking relates positively to SI dimensions of critical existential thinking and personal meaning production, as well as total SI while preconventional nursing principled thinking relates negatively to the same variables
Behzad et al. (2021)	Qquantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Healthcare	145 university healthcare students (children of war martyrs or veterans)	Clinical competence and SI in students who are children of war victims	SI Questionnaire, Kazdin et al. (1986)	highest mean score of SI in nursing students and lowest in radiology students; direct, positive, and significant linear relationship between SI and clinical competency
Badrudin et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	924 nursing and medical students	SI and spiritual health amongst Muslim students during the COVID-19 pandemic	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	positive relationship between SI and spiritual health
Liu et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	569 primary school teachers	Mediating effect of SI between awe and life satisfaction among primary school teachers and ethnicity impact	Integrated SI Scale, Amram and Dryer (2008)	SI differs among teachers with different professional titles (third-grade title were higher than the others); working location significantly affects spiritual intelligence (highest SI for county); age and awe positively correlated with SI; SI plays a completely mediating role between awe and life satisfaction
Rahmawaty et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Organizations	196 microfinance employees	SI and EI effect on employee performance and the mediating role of communication competence	Zohar and Marshall (2000)	positive and significant influence of SI on communication competence and employee performance
Abdolrezapour et al. (2021)	Quantitative (explanatory sequential mixed-methods)	Education	47 female EFL students (22 intervention vs 25 control group)	SI intervention impact on EFL learners’ willingness to communicate and SI	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	learners improved their willingness to communicate and their SI over time as a result of the intervention, with better performance of the experimental group on the posttest
Gera et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive) and exploratory qualitative	Education	125 MBA students	SI impact on students’ academic performance	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	SI domains of critical existential thinking and personal meaning production have a positive effect on academic performance explaining 19,9% of its variance
ÖZSARI et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Sports	31 physically handicapped badminton players	SI profile of physically disabled badminton players	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	personal meaning generation dimension of SI was higher in male badminton players; personal meaning generation, awareness and conscious state expansion dimensions of SI were higher with age and married status; players with 3–5 years of sports experience had significantly lower SI scores
Paweł et al. (2021)	Quantitative (scale validation)	General population	833 adults	Validity of a general factor of SI as a psychological construct	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	model did not fit to the data
Singla et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	451 college teachers	SI and quality of work life of college teachers and the mediating role of psychological capital	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	relationship between SI and quality of work life is highly significant; psychological capital is a partial mediator in this relationship
Ahmadi et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	510 undergraduate nursing students	SI and spiritual care in nursing students	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	positive correlation between competence in spiritual care and SI, in all dimensions of both concepts; SI higher with age, married status, clinical practice experience and higher academic year; SI explains 7% of the variance in competence in spiritual care
Hojat et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	344 nurses	SI and professional self-concept among Iranian nurses	SI Questionnaire, Abdullah Zadeh (2008)	positive correlation between professional self-concept and SI, except for leadership subcategory; SI explains 13.3% of the changes in professional self-concept
Bhandari et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Yoga institute	70 Hindu ascetics	SI and distress of Hindu ascetics following material/sensual restrains and selfless service	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	SI could account for a 14.4% variance in physical distress, 9.9% variance in psychological distress and 11.3% variance in total distress as a predictor; psychological distress can be positively predicted by conscious states expansion dimension of SI; high negative correlation between SI (mainly transcendental awareness dimension) and physical distress
Oyewunmi et al. (2021)	Qquantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	216 academic and administrative staff	SI effect on job performance, commitment and satisfaction	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Positive relationships between SI and job performance, job commitment, and job satisfaction
Ajele et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Healthcare	636 adult diabetics	SI and mindfulness effects and mediating role between emotional dysregulation, depression and mental well-being in persons with diabetes	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Mental well-being, depression, emotional dysregulation and mindfulness positive significantly correlated with SI; significant and positive direct effects of depression on mental well-being which was significantly moderated by mindfulness and SI; significant indirect relationship between depression and mental well-being via emotional dysregulation, which was significant and positively moderated by SI; significant positive direct relationship between SI and mindfulness explaining 8% of its variance; significant positive direct relationship between SI and mental well-being
Dargahi et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive)	Education	267 school workers (181 employees & 86 management)	Ideal hybrid intelligence and employees’ organizational commitment	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Significant relationship between cultural, spiritual and moral intelligence, which constitute the dimensions of ideal hybrid intelligence; significant correlation of this ideal hybrid intelligence and employees’ organizational commitment; SI significantly affects employees’ organizational commitment
Mróz et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	General population	605 adults	SI and forgiveness	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	All SI dimensions positively related to forgivingness dimensions; different aspects of dispositional forgiveness mediated the link between two SI dimensions (personal meaning production and transcendental awareness) and episodic forgiveness, measured as a revenge and benevolence motivation, these two SI dimensions also related to a greater disposition to forgive with negative correlation to revenge and positive correlation to benevolence towards a specific offender; SI dimension of critical existential thinking negatively correlated with reduction of unforgivingness of situations; personal meaning production ad transcendental awareness dimensions of SI showed inverse correlation with revenge motivation
Alamanda et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Organizations	4125 manufacturing and serving employees	SI and organizational citizenship behaviors	PsychoMatrix Spirituality Inventory, Wolman (2001)	Positive relationship between SI and organizational citizenship behavior
Aliabadi et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	338 nurses	SI and nurses’ empathy with COVID-19 patients	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Positive relationship between empathy and SI; SI explains 39,6% of empathy variation
Parattukudi et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Healthcare	39 mental health clinic patients	SI and depression	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	Negative relationship between SI and depression, with significant gender differences in SI profile correlations
Pishghadam et al. (2021)	Quantitative (cross-sectional descriptive-correlational)	Education	270 EFL teachers	Rractance and SI effect on EFL teachers burnout	SISRI-24, King and DeCicco (2009)	SI negatively correlates to psychological reactance and burnout; SI partially mediates the relationship between reactance and burnout

Table 2. SISRI-24 worldwide validation data from selected studies.

Geographical area	Validation population	α Cronbach
North America Canada	Total population 1039 619 undergraduates 420 adults and university students	α 0,92 to 0,94 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,94 (total)
Europe Greece Portugal Poland England	Total population 4699 1794 general population 767 general population (80% university students) 833 general population 605 general population 700 college teachers	α 0,92 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,84 to 0,86 (dimensions) α 0,77 to 0,88 (dimensions) α 0,77 to 0,88 (dimensions) α 0,74 to 0,87 (dimensions)
Middle East Turkey Jordan Iran	Total population 3855 57 handicapped athletes 716 university students 250 university students 384 university students 10 adolescents 70 addiction patients 260 university students 200 midwives 300 medical students 25 rehabilitation experts 120 university students 211 male war veterans 300 university students 47 female English as Foreign Language students 270 English as Foreign Language teachers 630 undergraduate nursing students 5 cultural and theology experts	α 0,68 to 0,92 (total) α 0,88 (total) α 0,86 (total) α 0,87 (total) α 0,89 (total) α 0,90 (total) α 0,67 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,75 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,86 (total) α 0,68 (total) α 0,89 (total) α 0,86 (total) α 0,87 to 0,91 (dimensions) α 0,91 (total) α 0,87 (total)
Africa Nigeria	Total population 500 500 academic and administrative staff	α 0,91 (total) α 0,91 (total)
Asia Hong Kong India	Total population 408 213 undergraduate students 125 MBA students 70 Hindu Ascetics	α 0,87 (total) α 0,87 (total) α 0,87 (total) α 0,89 to 0,95 (dimensions)
SouthEast Asia Indonesia Malaysia	Total population 830 240 Christian university students 448 nurses 112 employees 30 nursing and medical students	α 0,88 to 0,92 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,92 (total) α 0,88 α 0,78 to 0,84 (dimensions)

Table 3. SI correlated attributes by major domains.

Human life domain	SI correlated attributes
Personal domain	resilience (+); happiness (+); emotional dysregulation (-); self-management (+); self-efficacy (+); personality traits; depression and anxiety (-); death anxiety (+); meaning in life (+); satisfaction in life (+); general, mental and spiritual health (+)
Social domain	forgiveness (+); empathy (+); favorable social behavior (+); communication skills (+); aggression (-), ethical thinking (+)
Work domain	work performance (+); academic/cognitive performance (+); job satisfaction (+); burnout and perceived stress (-); motivation (+); psychological ownership (+); commitment (+); professional self-concept (+); quality of work life (+)

(+) positive correlation; (-) negative correlation.

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ BMJ Publish Group. 2021. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71

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