Pink Cedar (Acrocarpus fraxinifolius): its prophylactic role vs APAP–induced toxicity in rats and its antiviral activity vs HSV-1

Figures & data

Table 1. The modulatory effects of AMEAFL on the changes in the body weight and organs weights & their relatives of the intoxicated rats.

	Control	AMEAFL 250	AMEAFL 500	APAP + vehicle	AMEAFL 250 + APAP	AMEAFL 500 + APAP
Initial body weight (g)	181.5 ± 1.2	180.8 ± 0.9	181.6 ± 0.8	181.3 ± 1.6	182.1 ± 1.2	181.6 ± 1.1
Final body weight (g)	206.3 ± 3.2	210.3 ± 2.3	207.2 ± 2.7	190.0 ± 5.0*	192.6 ± 2.8*	202.1 ± 2.2
Body weight gain (g)	24.9 ± 2.7	29.5 ± 2.3	25.6 ± 2.8	8.7 ± 2.8*	10.5 ± 2.2*	20.5 ± 2.5
Liver weight (g)	4.85 ± 0.14	4.90 ± 0.14	4.88 ± 0.11	6.59 ± 0.18***	6.32 ± 0.14***	5.63 ± 0.12^*,†††
Kidney weight (g)	0.52 ± 0.02	0.49 ± 0.01	0.50 ± 0.01	0.84 ± 0.02***	0.80 ± 0.02***	0.60 ± 0.01^**,†††
Spleen weight (g)	0.14 ± 0.02	0.12 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.02
Heart weight (g)	0.233 ± 0.005	0.235 ± 0.007	0.232 ± 0.010	0.230 ± 0.006	0.223 ± 0.007	0.230 ± 0.010
Relative liver weight (g/100 g b.w)	2.35 ± 0.06	2.33 ± 0.05	2.36 ± 0.05	3.49 ± 0.18***	3.29 ± 0.10***	2.79 ± 0.09^*,†††
Relative kidney weight (g/100 g b.w)	0.25 ± 0.01	0.23 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.01	0.45 ± 0.02***	0.41 ± 0.01***	0.30 ± 0.01^*,†††
Relative spleen weight (g/100 g b.w)	0.07 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01
Relative heart weight (g/100 g b.w)	0.113 ± 0.008	0.112 ± 0.003	0.112 ± 0.005	0.122 ± 0.006	0.116 ± 0.003	0.114 ± 0.005

Notes: Values are means ± SEM. AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves; APAP: Nacetyl-p-aminophenol.

*Symbol = statistically significant compared to the control group; ^†Symbol = statistically significant compared with the APAP-group.

Table 2. The modulatory effects of AMEAFL on the changes in the hematological parameters of the intoxicated rats.

	Control	AMEAFL 250	AMEAFL 500	APAP + vehicle	AMEAFL 250 + APAP	AMEAFL 500 + APAP
RBC (10^6/mm^3)	6.88 ± 0.51	6.98 ± 0.49	7.19 ± 0.20	5.42 ± 0.20*	5.76 ± 0.29	6.10 ± 0.17
Hb (g/dL)	11.07 ± 0.42	11.50 ± 0.40	12.01 ± 0.37	9.72 ± 0.09*	9.92 ± 0.12	10.19 ± 0.26
HCT (%)	36.93 ± 0.81	37.11 ± 0.82	37.85 ± 0.71	33.56 ± 0.41*	33.83 ± 0.79	34.91 ± 0.96
MCV (fL)	55.82 ± 6.09	55.07 ± 5.67	52.82 ± 1.68	62.41 ± 2.37	59.42 ± 3.03	57.55 ± 2.58
MCH (pg)	16.57 ± 1.55	16.92 ± 1.43	16.73 ± 0.50	18.08 ± 0.70	17.47 ± 0.99	16.75 ± 0.52
MCHC (g/dL)	30.04 ± 1.29	31.05 ± 1.23	31.77 ± 1.04	28.99 ± 0.41	29.39 ± 0.64	29.24 ± 0.71
WBC (10^3/mm^3)	7.81 ± 0.21	7.83 ± 0.21	8.14 ± 0.15	8.53 ± 0.26	8.65 ± 0.28	8.26 ± 0.31
Total granulocytes (10^3/mm^3)	2.42 ± 0.21	2.53 ± 0.27	2.69 ± 0.09	3.01 ± 0.17	3.03 ± 0.19	3.02 ± 0.17
Neutrophils (10^3/mm^3)	2.02 ± 0.18	2.04 ± 0.18	2.26 ± 0.09	2.39 ± 0.19	2.55 ± 0.19	2.66 ± 0.17
Eosinophils (10^3/mm^3)	0.32 ± 0.03	0.33 ± 0.02	0.34 ± 0.02	0.22 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.02	0.29 ± 0.02
Basophils (10^3/mm^3)	0.08 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.09	0.09 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.15	0.31 ± 0.15	0.073 ± 0.01
Total agranulocytes (10^3/mm^3)	5.40 ± 0.07	5.30 ± 0.15	5.44 ± 0.18	5.52 ± 0.33	5.62 ± 0.28	5.23 ± 0.37
Lymphocytes (10^3/mm^3)	4.22 ± 0.06	4.10 ± 0.13	4.28 ± 0.17	4.26 ± 0.36	4.17 ± 0.32	4.37 ± 0.36
Monocytes (10^3/mm^3)	1.18 ± 0.02	1.21 ± 0.03	1.16 ± 0.02	1.26 ± 0.32	1.46 ± 0.35	0.86 ± 0.24

Notes: Values are means ± SEM. AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves; and APAP: N-acetyl-paminophenol.

*Symbol = statistically significant compared to the control group.

Table 3. The modulatory effects of AMEAFL on the changes in the serum toxicity markers of the intoxicated rats.

	Control	AMEAFL 250	AMEAFL 500	APAP + vehicle	AMEAFL 250 + APAP	AMEAFL 500 + APAP
AST (U/L)	40.43 ± 2.57	39.42 ± 2.54	40.47 ± 2.40	114.60 ± 4.55***	97.71 ± 4.45^***,†	45.59 ± 2.89^†††
ALT (U/L)	70.94 ± 1.79	69.48 ± 2.23	63.70 ± 2.09	127.20 ± 2.37***	115.90 ± 1.96^***,†	76.86 ± 2.72^†††
LDH (U/L)	90.36 ± 2.60	88.86 ± 2.66	88.65 ± 2.94	164.70 ± 5.26***	148.10 ± 2.34^***,†	96.04 ± 2.95^†††
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	79.89 ± 1.20	80.28 ± 1.20	78.75 ± 1.89	114.70 ± 4.18***	104.80 ± 1.78***	90.42 ± 2.16^*,†††
Total protein (mg/dL)	7.33 ± 0.25	7.21 ± 0.24	7.22 ± 0.16	4.36 ± 0.18***	4.91 ± 0.26***	6.22 ± 0.15^*,†††
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.92 ± 0.02	0.89 ± 0.02	0.93 ± 0.02	1.75 ± 0.04***	1.61 ± 0.04***	1.07 ± 0.03^*,†††
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.42 ± 0.05	0.32 ± 0.08	0.32 ± 0.03	0.67 ± 0.04*	0.66 ± 0.04*	0.45 ± 0.05^†
Uric acid (mg/dL)	3.05 ± 0.08	2.97 ± 0.08	2.85 ± 0.11	3.62 ± 0.12*	3.59 ± 0.10*	3.11 ± 0.16^†
Urea (mg/dL)	24.35 ± 1.20	23.97 ± 1.12	22.33 ± 0.87	30.51 ± 1.81*	29.71 ± 0.73*	25.28 ± 1.21^†
TBARS (nmol/ml)	102.00 ± 1.99	98.62 ± 1.09	95.13 ± 1.51	161.00 ± 2.39***	135.30 ± 2.21^***,†††	111.70 ± 1.74^*,†††
NO (µmol/ml)	25.25 ± 0.26	24.06 ± 0.64	23.21 ± 0.69	44.82 ± 0.82***	37.33 ± 1.42^***,†††	29.13 ± 0.43^*,†††

Notes: Values are means ± SEM. AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves; APAP: Nacetyl-p-aminophenol.

*Symbol = statistically significant compared to the control group; ^†Symbol = statistically significant compared with the APAP-group. TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, NOx, nitric oxide.

Figure 1. The modulatory effects of AMEAFL on the changes in the oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers in the kidney, spleen, and liver tissues of the intoxicated rats. (a) TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; (b) GSH: Reduced glutathione; (c) GPx: Glutathioneperoxidase; (d) GR: Glutathione reductase; (e) SOD: Superoxide dismutase; (f) CAT: Catalase.

Notes: Values are means ± SEM. AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves; and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol. *symbol = statistically significant compared to the control group; †symbol = statistically significant compared with the APAP-group.

Figure 2. Free radical scavenging (a), nitric oxide (b), superoxide radicals scavenging (c) potentials effect of AMEAFL In vitro.

Notes: Values are means ± SEM. AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves, Vit. C: vitamin C.

Table 4. Phytochemical analysis of AMEAFL.

No.	Phytochemical Analysis of AMEAFLL	Observation
1.	Alkaloids	+
2.	Cardiac glycosides	+
3.	Flavonoids	+
4.	Fatty acids	−
5.	Phenols	+
6.	Phlobatannins	−
7.	Saponins	−
8.	Steroids	+
9.	Tannins	+
10.	Terpenoids	−

Notes: The (+) symbol indicates the presence of phytochemicals, while the (−) sign indicates the absence of phytochemicals; AMEAFL: aqueous methanol extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Figure 3. Cytopathic effect % of AMEAFL.

Notes: AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Table 5. Cytopathic effect % of AMEAFL.

Dilutions (µg/ml) of AMEAFL	100	50	25	12.5	6.25	3.125
CPE (%)	85.3	64.5	21.3	15.1	7.5	0

Notes: CPE: Cytopathic effect; AMEAFL: aqueous methanol extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Figure 4. Plaque reduction assay of each cell-safe dilution of AMEAFL extract.

Notes: AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Table 6. Plaque reduction assay of AMEAFL.

Dilutions (µg/ml) of AMEAFL	25	12.5	6.25	3.125
VI (%)	68.4	41.2	12.3	5.3

Notes: VI: Viral inhibition; AMEAFL: aqueous methanol extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Figure 5. Antiviral effect of AMEAFL at various time intervals after virus inoculation.

Notes: AMEAFL: aqueous methanolic extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.

Table 7. Antiviral activity of AMEAFL after the viral inoculation.

Time (hours)	01:00	04:00	08:00	24:00	48:00
VI (%)	68.5	53	23.4	8.6	5.3

Notes: VI: Viral inhibition; AMEAFL: aqueous methanol extract of A. fraxinifolius leaves.