Impact of Nd³⁺ and Ni²⁺ dopants on the structural, electrical and dielectric behaviour of PbZrO₃ nanocrystalline material

Figures & data

Figure 1. XRD pattern of pure and doped Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals.

Table 1. Physical parameters of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals determined from XRD data.

Parameters	x = 0	x = 0.01	x = 0.02	x = 0.03	x = 0.04	x = 0.05
Lattice constant a/Å	5.8896	5.8949	5.9043	5.8943	5.8964	5.8890
Lattice constant b/Å	11.7058	11.6721	11.6547	11.6763	11.6873	11.6418
Lattice constant c/Å	8.2861	8.2965	8.3089	8.2779	8.2895	8.3035
Cell volume/Å^3	571.2608	570.8450	571.7610	569.7122	571.2616	569.2775
Crystallite size/nm	21.67	21.38	22.01	21.73	21.30	21.04
X-ray density ρx/g cm^−3	8.056	7.9042	7.7342	7.6041	7.4259	7.2938
Bulk density ρm/g cm^−3	5.40	5.6726	5.4531	5.7973	5.4878	5.6795
Porosity/%	32.969	28.23	29.49	23.76	26.099	22.13

Figure 2. The variation in the crystallite size and crystal cell volume of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals with respect to doping concentration.

Figure 3. Variation in the X-ray density, bulk density, and porosity of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals with the doping contents.

Figure 4. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of pure and doped Pb_14.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals.

Figure 5. SEM image and histogram of particle size distribution of Nd³⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions substituted Pb_14.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals synthesized by the micro-emulsion method.

Figure 6. The dielectric constant of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals with respect to frequency.

Figure 7. The frequency-dependent dielectric loss factor of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals.

Figure 8. The frequency-dependent tangent loss of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals.

Figure 9. The frequency-dependent ac conductivity of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals.

Table 2. Various dielectric parameters and ac conductivity for “Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃” nanocrystals at some selected frequencies.

Parameters	Frequency	x = 0	x = 0.01	x = 0.02	x = 0.03	x = 0.04	x = 0.05
Dielectric constant	15 MHz	7.20221	7.38809	6.93896	7.54183	7.17915	8.77004
	1.0 GHz	7.20705	7.39395	6.86409	7.50419	7.12267	8.72891
	3.0 GHz	8.09105	9.34113	7.63076	8.6262	8.0066	10.12075
Dielectric loss	15 MHz	0.0028	0.00781	0.0135	0.00401	0.00438	0.00655
	1.0 GHz	0.042	0.04439	0.04794	0.05166	0.05065	0.0789
	3.0 GHz	0.09991	0.24031	0.16005	0.22065	0.28689	0.06898
tanδ	15 MHz	0.0035	0.00206	0.00507	0.00258	0.00372	0.00386
	1.0 GHz	0.00895	0.00912	0.0101	0.01	0.01023	0.01216
	3.0 GHz	0.01235	0.02573	0.02097	0.02558	0.03583	0.00682
σac	15 MHz	2.4891E − 6	6.9428E − 6	1.2001E − 5	3.5647E − 6	3.893E − 6	5.822E − 6
(ohm-cm)^−1	1.0 GHz	0.00235	0.00248	0.00268	0.00289	0.00283	0.00441
	3.0 GHz	0.01666	0.04007	0.02669	0.03679	0.04783	0.0115

Figure 10. The ac conductivity of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals with respect to doping concentration.

Figure 11. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of all the samples of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals.

Figure 12. The variation in the dc-electrical resistivity of Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals due to doping concentration.

Table 3. Different values of the DC-electrical resistivity and other related results of lead zirconate Pb_1−4.75xNd_0.5xNi_4xZrO₃ nanocrystals due to different doping concentrations.

Doping concentrations	X = 0	X = 0.01	X = 0.02	X = 0.03	X = 0.04	X = 0.05
Cross-sectional area of pellet (cm^2)	0.3296	0.3296	0.3296	0.3296	0.3296	0.3296
Pellet thickness (cm)	0.139	0.132	0.140	0.128	0.137	0.132
Electrical resistance (Ω)	1.1301 × 10^10	1.2926 × 10^10	1.4589 × 10^10	1.3903 × 10^10	1.6374 × 10^10	1.9300 × 10^10
dc-electrical resistivity (Ω-cm)	2.6799 × 10^10	3.2276 × 10^10	3.4349 × 10^10	3.5800 × 10^10	3.9393 × 10^10	4.8192 × 10^10