Natural sea salt in diet ameliorates better protection compared to table salt in the doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling

Figures & data

Figure 1. Effect of table salt and natural sea salt in different groups: the normal control (N.C.) group; the normal table salt (N.T.S.) group; the normal sea salt (N.S.S.) group; the doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control (D.C.) group; the ddoxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + table salt (D.T.S.) group; the ddoxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + sea salt (D.S.S.) group on Renin, Ang II, CKMB, IL-6 and IL-10 levels. N.T.S and N.S.S. groups are compared to the N.C. group, D.T.S and D.S.S. groups are compared to D.C., and the D.C group is compared to the N.C. group; values are mean ± SEM; n = 6; <.05(*), <0.01(**) and <.001(***).

Table 1. Comparative analysis of salts with/without disease in terms of mean and SEM for creatine kinase myocardial band (CKMB), renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10).

S. No.	Group	CKMB	Renin	Ang II	IL-6	IL-10
1	N.C.	107 ± 3.50	1. 63 ± 0.07	20.75 ± 2.75	1.05 ± 0.16	6 ± 0.70
2	N.T.S.	126.7 ± 5.04	2.65 ± 0.20^*/^a	25.47 ± 3.53	1.03 ± 0.15	5.83 ± 0.83
3	N.S.S.	143.0 ± 9.29^*/^a	2.36 ± 0.23	25.87 ± 3.27	1.27 ± 0.19	6.73 ± 0.75
4	D.C.	368.7 ± 20.54^***/^a	0.51 ± 0.10^*/^a	9.13 ± 0.63^*/^a	2.05 ± 0.08^*/^a	2.47 ± 0.66^*/^b
5	D.T.S.	195.7 ± 8.45^***/^b	1.83 ± 0.34^*/^b	23.17 ± 3.49^*/^b	1.22 ± 0.33^*/^b	6.03 ± 0.86^*/^b
6	D.S.S.	223.7 ± 14.50^***/^b	1.44 ± 0.18^*/^b	19.37 ± 4.80^*/^b	0.92 ± 0.07^*/^b	6.93 ± 0.74^*/^b

All values are expressed as mean ± SEM for each group (n = 6).

^a N.T.S., N.S.S., and D.C. groups are compared to the N.C. group.

^b D.T.S. and D.S.S. groups are compared to the D.C. group.

*P < .05; ***P < .001.

Table 2. Variations of the characteristics of heart histopathology of random images in different groups: the Normal control (N.C.) group; (B) the Normal table salt (N.T.S.) group; (C) the Normal sea salt (N.S.S.) group; (D) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control (D.C.) group; (E) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + Table salt (D.T.S.) group; (F) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + Sea salt (D.S.S.) group. The results are depicted in Figure 2. (−) Normal effect; (+) Slight effect (++) Mild effect; (+++) Severe effect.

Symbols	Characteristics	N.C.	N.T.S.	N.S.S.	D.C.	D.T.S.	D.S.S.
	Loose cardiac myocytes	—	+	—	+++	+++	+
	Fat deposition	+	++	+	+++	++	+
	Fibrinogen deposition	—	+	—	+++	++	++
	Eosinophilic infiltration	—	+	—	+++	+++	+
	Ventricular arrangement of cells	—	+	—	+++	+++	+
	Intracellular gaps	—	+	+	+++	+++	+

Table 3. Variations of the characteristics of liver histopathology of random images in different groups: (A) the Normal control (N.C.) group; (B) the Normal table salt (N.T.S.) group; (C) the Normal sea salt (N.S.S.) group; (D) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control (D.C.) group; (E) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + Table salt (D.T.S.) group; (F) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + Sea salt (D.S.S.) group. The results are depicted in figures N. (−) Normal effect; (+) Slight effect (++) Mild effect; (+++) Severe effect.

Symbols	Characteristics	N.C.	N.T.S.	N.S.S.	D.C.	D.T.S.	D.S.S.
	Central vein	—	+++	+	+++	+++	—
	Portal vein	—	++	+	+	+++	+
	Bile duct	—	+	+	++	+++	+
	Hepatic artery	—	+	+	+	+++	+++
	Fibroblast	—	++	+	++	++	+
	Endothelial cells	—	—	—	++	++	+
	Sinusoid	—	—	—	+	+	+
	Binucleated cells	—	+	+	+++	+++	+
	Steatosis	—	++	+	+	+++	—
	Kupffer cells	+	++	+	++	+++	+
	Eosinophil infiltration	+	++	++	+++	+++	+
	Damaged hepatocytes	—	++	—	+	++	++

Table 4. Variations of the characteristics of kidney histopathology of random images in different groups: the Normal control (N.C.) group; (B) the Normal table salt (N.T.S.) group; (C) the Normal sea salt (N.S.S.) group; (D) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control (D.C.) group; (E) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + Table salt (D.T.S.) group; (F) the Doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction control + Sea salt (D.S.S.) group. The results are depicted in Figure 1. (−) Normal effect; (+) Slight effect (++) Mild effect; (+++) Severe effect.

Symbols	Characteristics	N.C.	N.T.S.	N.S.S.	D.C.	D.T.S.	D.S.S.
	Distribution of renal corpuscle	—	++	—	+++	++	+
	Glomerular congestion	—	+++	++	+++	+++	++
	Tubular casts	—	+++	—	+++	+++	—
	Proximal convoluted tubule	—	++	—	+++	+++	++
	Distal convoluted tubule	—	+++	—	++	+	—
	Macula densa cells	—	+++	—	+++	—	—
	Basal lamina	—	++	—	+++	+++	—
	Glomerular basement membrane	—	++	—	+++	+++	—
	Podocyte	—	—	—	+++	+++	+
	Eosinophilic infiltration	—	++	++	+++	+++	—
	Mesangial cells	—	++	+	+++	+++	+