Customized structural and mechanical characteristics of Eu³⁺ imbued boro-telluro-dolomite glasses: effect of Dy³⁺ co-doping

Figures & data

Table 1. Glass code, compositions, density ($\rho )$ and molar volume ($V_m$) of the studied glasses.

	Compositions (mol%)						$\rho$ (g/cm^3)	$V_m$ (cm^3/mol)
Glass codes	B2O3	TeO2	Dp	Dm	Eu2O3	Dy2O3	$\pm$0.003	$\pm$0.003
BTDEu0.1Dy	33.9	30	20	15	1.0	0.1	2.310	60.434
BTDEu0.3Dy	33.7	30	20	15	1.0	0.3	2.659	52.859
BTDEu0.5Dy	33.5	30	20	15	1.0	0.5	2.716	51.961
BTDEu0.7Dy	33.3	30	20	15	1.0	0.7	3.024	46.863
BTDEu0.9Dy	33.1	30	20	15	1.0	0.9	3.465	41.078

Figure 1. XRD pattern of the as-quenched samples.

Figure 2. (a) EDX spectra (Inset SEM image and weight percent table) and (b) EDX maps of BTDEu0.5Dy glass.

Figure 3. Variation of density and molar volume of the glasses against Dy₂O₃ contents.

Figure 4. FTIR spectra of the prepared glasses.

Figure 5. Raman spectra of the selected glasses.

Table 2. Comparison of the obtained Raman peak positions and assignments with other studies.

Raman shift (cm^−1)	Reported values (cm^−1)	Assignment	Ref.
349 (i)	345	Oscillations of TeO bonds inTeO4 tetrahedra characteristic of α-TeO2.	[42]
687 (ii)	670–684	Symmetric stretching vibrations of TeO in TeO4 units or Te–O–Te linkages between two fourfold coordinated Te atoms.	[43]
770 (iii)	750–760	Stretching vibrations of Te–O in TeO3 units and/or TeO3+1 groups.	[43]
922 (iv)	906	B-O stretching vibration in the BO4 units.	[44]
1220 (v)	1136	Vibrations of pyroborate groups (B2${\text{O}}_{\text{5}}^{\text{4 - }}$).	[45]
1357 (vi)	1311	Vibrations of BO3 segments	[45]

Figure 6. Deconvoluted FTIR spectra of (a) BTDEu0.3Dy, (b) BTDEu0.5Dy and (c) BTDEu0.7Dy glass fitted to Gaussian-Lorentzian function.

Figure 7. Deconvoluted Raman spectra of a selected glass.

Table 3. Relative area of the deconvoluted FTIR and Raman bands alongside N₄.

	Relative area of the deconvoluted FTIR bands centred at
Glass codes	865 cm^−1	1140 cm^−1	1339 cm^−1	N4 ratio
BTDEu0.1Dy	4.55	15.94	49.28	0.294
BTDEu0.3Dy	3.67	16.30	48.63	0.291
BTDEu0.5Dy	6.47	55.18	7.79	0.888
BTDEu0.7Dy	7.01	58.53	3.71	0.946
BTDEu0.9Dy	6.93	55.18	7.10	0.897
	Relative area of the deconvoluted Raman peaks
Glass codes	(i)	(ii)	(iii)	(iv)	(v)	(vi)	N4 ratio
BTDEu0.1Dy	6.00	53.54	29.62	1.61	1.17	8.07	0.64
BTDEu0.5Dy	7.30	53.96	27.72	1.19	0.76	9.08	0.66
BTDEu0.9Dy	8.69	55.77	25.76	0.76	0.82	8.19	0.68

Figure 8. Dy ions contents dependent (a) TeO₄ ratio and (b) N₄ ratio of the studied glasses obtained from FTIR and Raman analysis.

Figure 9. Glass hardness against applied load.

Figure 10. Variation of glass ultrasonic velocities against Dy₂O₃ contents.

Figure 11. Variation of glass elastic moduli against Dy₂O₃ contents.

Table 4. Ultrasonic velocities, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio and fractal bond connectivity of the present glass system compared to other reported works.

	Ultrasonic velocities (m/s)		Elastic moduli (GPa)				Poison ratio	Fractal bond connectivity
Glass system	$V_L$	$V_S$	L	G	K	E	$\sigma$	D	Ref.
BTDEu0.1Dy	5051	2575	58.934	15.317	38.511	40.572	0.324	1.591	Present
BTDEu0.3Dy	5125	2640	69.840	18.532	45.131	48.902	0.319	1.643	Present
BTDEu0.5Dy	5340	2855	77.448	22.138	47.931	57.160	0.300	1.847	Present
BTDEu0.7Dy	5512	2967	91.876	26.621	56.381	69.003	0.296	1.889	Present
BTDEu0.9Dy	5589	3010	108.236	31.393	66.379	81.354	0.295	1.892	Present
Borotellurite	3662	2200	43.02	22.32	15.53	37.81	0.218	$-$	[54]
Bismuth borotellurite	4328	2417	75.1	23.4	43.9	59.7	0.27	$-$	[55]
Silica borotellurite	6774	4183	182.6	69.7	89.7	186.0	0.192	$-$	[56]
Tellurite	3482	1987	68.88	36.14	20.80	52.36	0.25	$-$	[57]

Figure 12. Correlation between the fractal bond connectivity and Poisson’s ratio of the produced BTDEubDy glass system.

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