Effect of partially replacement of ordinary Portland clinker by basaltic rocks on the properties of blended cement

Figures & data

Figure 1. Detailed geologic map of the study area showing location of studied Oligo-Miocene basaltic samples and the location of nearby already existing cement plants (modified after [24]).

Figure 2. Field photographs of the studied Oligo-Miocene Al-Hemmah basaltic rocks, north Sinai, Egypt. (a) Huge masses of basaltic sheets exhibit columnar joints (b) basaltic flows are pale gray and friable at the surface.

Table 1. Composition and proportion of the studied mixes (wt. %).

Mix Code	Clinker (%)	Basalt (%)	Gypsum (%)
S₀ (Control)	95.5	0	4.5
S1	85.5	10	4.5
S2	80.5	15	4.5
S3	75.5	20	4.5
S4	70.5	25	4.5
S5	65.5	30	4.5

Table 2. The chemical composition of the clinker and the raw materials.

	SiO2	Al2O3	Fe2O3	CaO	MgO	Na2O	K2O	SO3	Cl	LOI
Clinker	21.1	5.8	4.3	65.5	1.3	0.3	0.24	0.72	0.09	0.3
Basalt	50.2	14.22	14.4	10.68	7.47	1.8	0.9	0.02	0.01	0.57
Gypsum	1.66	0.51	0.17	32.19	0.9	0.2	0.3	43.74	0.05	20.5
	Clinker phases					Moisture content
	C3S	C2S	C3A	C4AF		Clinker	Basalt	Gypsum
	59.05	16.03	8.1	13.07		0.05	0.42	0.55

Table 3. The chemical properties of pozzolana materials according to (35).

Item	Pozzolana Requirements	The studied Basalt
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3	>70.0	78.82	√
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) %	<4.0	0.02	√
Moisture content (%)	<3.0	0.42	√
Loss on Ignition (%)	<10.0	0.57	√

Figure 3. XRD pattern of the studied basaltic rocks.

Figure 4. Photomicrographs of the studied basaltic rocks. (A-B) shows fine to medium prismatic plagioclase crystals (anorthite) and pyroxene phenocryst (augite) in addition to the opaque minerals (PPL -XPL). (C-F) shows the scattering of amorphous, non-crystalline glassy tuffaceous within the basaltic groundmass (PPL -XPL).

Figure 5. The setting time of cement paste for the studied mixes.

Figure 6. The direct relation between Blaine and water consistency for the studied cement mixes.

Table 4. Physical properties of the blended cement paste for the studied mixes.

Mix Code	Blaine (cm^2/g)	Initial setting, min	Final setting, min	Water quantity, ml	Water consistency (%)	Paste reading,mm	Expansion,mm	Sieve, 45 µm
S₀ (Control)	4067	120	137	129	25.8	5	0.5	13.7
S1	4493	133	153	132	26.4	6	0.6	11.1
S2	4606	155	181	136	27.2	6	0.5	11.4
S3	4761	163	190	139	27.8	5	0.7	10.8
S4	4879	173	203	139	27.8	6	0.5	10.3
S5	5006	181	207	140	28	6	0.9	9.9

Figure 7. Compressive strength for the studied cement mixes.

Figure 8. Flexural strength for the studied cement mixes.

Table 5. Mortar strength and PASI.

Mix Code	Compressive strength (MPa)				Flexural Strength (MPa)				PASI (%)
	2D	7D	28D	90D	2D	7D	28D	90 D	2 D	7D	28D	90D
S₀ (Control)	29.5	41	60.9	65.1	5	6.7	8.1	8.4	–	–	–	–
S1	24.1	35.4	52.8	58.2	5.1	6.2	7	7.5	81.69	86.34	86.69	89.40
S2	23.1	34.9	53.3	60.4	4.9	5.8	6.9	7.7	78.3	85.12	87.52	92.78
S3	21.9	33.5	50.6	54.7	4.4	5.7	6.5	6.9	74.23	81.70	83.08	84.02
S4	20.7	31.4	47.7	52.2	4.3	5.4	6.5	6.8	70.17	76.58	78.32	80.18
S5	17.5	26.9	41.8	45.4	3.8	4.9	5.6	6.2	59.32	65.60	68.63	69.73

Figure 9. PASI for the studied cement mixes.

Table 6. Physical properties of the pozzolana materials according to [35].

Item	Pozzolana Requirements	The studied Basalt
		S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
- Amount retained when wet-sieve on 45 sieves (%)	Max. 34	11.1	11.4	10.8	10.3	9.9
- PASI at 28 days, percent of control	Min. 75	86.7	87.5	83.0	78.3	68.6
- Autoclave expansion or contraction (%)	Max. 0.8	0.6	0.5	0.7	0.5	0.9

Abdelhady AA, Kassab W, Aly MF. Shoal environment as a biodiversity hotspot: a case from the Barremian-Albian strata of gabal lagama (North Sinai, Egypt. J Afr Earth Sci. 2019;160:160. doi: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103643

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ASTM C 618-12a. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete; 2013.

 Google Scholar