Risk factors associated with HIV infection among young persons aged 15–24 years: Evidence from an in-depth analysis of the 2005–06 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Conceptual framework for factors affecting the risk of HIV infection among young persons aged 15–24 years, Zimbabwe. Source: Adapted from Mosley and Chen (1984).

Table 1. Distribution of young persons aged 15–24 years who took the dry blood test (DBT) for HIV during the 2005–06 ZDHS.

	Blood test result						χ ^2	p-value
	HIV negative		HIV positive		Total
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Age group							137.072	0.000
15–17	1941	96.9	63	3.1	2004	100.0
18–20	1810	93.0	135	7.0	1945	100.0
21–24	1912	87.3	279	12.7	2190	100.0
Sex							97.311	0.000
Male	2814	95.8	125	4.2	2939	100.0
Female	2848	89.0	352	11.0	3200	100.0
Marital status							309.112	0.000
Never married	4151	95.7	185	4.3	4336	100.0
Married	1262	85.7	211	14.3	1474	100.0
Living together	54	84.3	10	15.7	64	100.0
Widowed	24	71.0	10	29.0	33	100.0
Divorced	85	69.2	38	30.8	123	100.0
Not living together	86	78.8	23	21.2	109	100.0
Religion							16.352	0.000
Traditional	178	94.0	11	6.0	189	100.0
Christian	2160	93.7	145	6.3	2305	100.0
Pentecostal	2476	91.4	233	8.6	2708	100.0
Muslim	41	86.2	7	13.8	48	100.0
Other/none	807	90.8	82	9.2	889	100.0
Away for more than one month							0.003	0.956
No	1582	91.8	142	8.2	1724	100.0
Yes	1268	91.8	113	8.2	1382	100.0
Province							7.120	0.625
Mashonaland Central	550	90.6	57	9.4	607	100.0
Mashonaland East	437	93.5	30	6.5	468	100.0
Mashonaland West	517	92.0	45	8.0	563	100.0
Matabeleland North	338	91.4	32	8.6	370	100.0
Matabeleland South	285	92.4	23	7.6	308	100.0
Midlands	777	92.9	59	7.1	836	100.0
Masvingo	733	93.4	52	6.6	785	100.0
Harare	988	91.5	92	8.5	1081	100.0
Bulawayo	382	92.9	29	7.1	411	100.0
Type of place of residence							0.400	0.527
Urban	2243	92.0	196	8.0	2439	100.0
Rural	3419	92.4	281	7.6	3700	100.0
Highest educational level							2.824	0.420
No education	19	94.0	1	6.0	21	100.0
Primary	1444	91.5	134	8.5	1578	100.0
Secondary	4085	92.4	336	7.6	4421	100.0
Higher	114	95.3	6	4.7	119	100.0
Wealth index							5.319	0.256
Poorest	873	92.7	68	7.3	941	100.0
Poorer	926	91.4	87	8.6	1013	100.0
Middle	1115	93.0	84	7.0	1199	100.0
Richer	1321	91.2	127	8.8	1448	100.0
Richest	1427	92.9	109	7.1	1537	100.0
Age at first sex							117.81	0.000
Less than 14	3041	95.8	134	4.2	3175	100.0
15–19	2066	88.0	281	12.0	2347	100.0
20–24	478	90.0	53	10.0	531	100.0
Number of sex partners in past 12 months							139.366	0.000
0	3339	95.7	151	4.3	3490	100.0
1	2090	87.3	303	12.7	2393	100.0
2	189	90.6	20	9.4	209	100.0
3+	41	95.0	2	5.0	43	100.0
Sexually transmitted infection in past 12 months							43.877	0.000
No	5576	92.5	450	7.5	6026	100.0
Yes	78	74.8	26	25.2	104	100.0
First intercourse used condom							7.866	0.000
No	1981	87.2	291	12.8	2272	100.0
Yes	832	90.7	85	9.3	917	100.0
Last intercourse used condom							16.907	0.000
No	1670	86.2	268	13.8	1939	100.0
Yes	652	92.1	56	7.9	708	100.0
	5662	92.2	477	7.8	6139	100.0
*p < 0.05.

Table 2. Multivariate binary logistic regression models of the factors associated with HIV infection among young persons aged 15–24 years, 2005–06 ZDHS, Zimbabwe.

Variable	Model I			Model II
	Odds ratio	p-value	Confidence interval	Odds ratio	p-value	Confidence interval
Age group (years)		0.000		0.000	0.000
15–17	0.379***	0.000	0.276–0.519	0.177***	0.000	0.087–0.360
18–20	0.683**	0.001	0.543–0.860	0.788	0.102	0.592–1.049
21–24	1.000	–	–	1.000	–	–
Sex		0.000		0.000
Male	1.000	–	–	1.000	–	–
Female	2.024***	0.000	1.576–2.599	2.762	0.000	1.875–4.069
Marital status		0.000		0.000
Never married	1.000	–	–	1.000	–	–
Married	1.987***	0.014	1.541–2.564	1.119	0.591	0.742–1.689
Living together	2.428*	0.000	1.198–4.918	1.698	0.183	0.779–3.704
Widowed	4.323***	0.000	1.971–9.484	3.489*	0.021	1.210–10.062
Divorced	5.267***	0.000	3.395–8.171	3.619***	0.000	1.964–6.670
Not living together	3.272***	0.000	1.975–5.420	2.049*	0.033	1.059–3.958
Religion		0.002			0.011
Traditional	1.000	–	–	1.000	–	–
Christian	1.006	0.985	0.529–1.914	1.035	0.929	0.491–2.178
Pentecostal	1.254	0.483	0.666–2.362	1.342	0.428	0.649–2.775
Muslim	2.587	0.079	0.896–7.466	1.861	0.398	0.441–7.858
Other/none	1.790	0.083	0.927–3.457	2.041	0.065	0.958–4.348
Age at first sexual intercourse					0.001
Less than 14				2.696***	0.000	1.578–4.605
15–19				1.467	0.051	0.998–2.155
20–24				1.000	–	–
Number of sex partners in past 12 months					0.031
None				1.000	–	–
1				1.050	0.727	0.644–1.879
2+				1.568*	0.023	1.016–2.315
Sexually transmitted infection in past 12 months					0.003
No				0.437**	0.003	0.252–0.760
Yes				1.000	–	–
First sexual intercourse used condom					0.050
No				1.313*	0.050	1.065–2.154
Yes				1.000	–	–
Last sexual intercourse used condom					0.031
No				1.264*	0.031	1.0587–1.553
Yes				1.000	–	–
Source: Author computations based on raw data from the 2005–06 ZDHS (Zimbabwe Central Statistical Office/Macro International Incorporated 2007).
*p < 0.05.
**p < 0.01.
***p < 0.001.

Mosley , W. H. and Chen , L. C. 1984 . An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries . Population Development Review , 10 ( Suppl ) : 25 – 45 .

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Zimbabwe Central Statistical Office/Macro International Incorporated . 2007 . Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005–06 , Calverton , MD : CSO and Macro International Incorporated .

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