Social and behavioural factors associated with risky sexual behaviours among university students in nine ASEAN countries: a multi-country cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of university students stratified by country.

	Total sample	Age (years)	Female	Male	Married
Countries	Number (%)	Mean (SD)	Number (%)	Number (%)	Number (%)
Cambodia^a	1357 (15.4)	21.3 (2.3)	667 (49.2)	690 (50.2)	27 (2.0)
Indonesia^a	981 (11.1)	19.3 (2.4)	695 (70.8)	286 (29.2)	32 (3.3)
Laos^a	806 (9.1)	22.3 (1.8)	533 (66.1)	273 (33.9)	58 (7.2)
Malaysia^b	1023 (11.6)	20.7 (1.5)	519 (50.7)	504 (49.3)	5 (0.5)
Myanmar^a	491 (5.6)	20.1 (1.1)	282 (57.4)	209 (42.6)	1 (0.2)
Philippines^a	958 (10.8)	18.7 (1.0)	248 (25.9)	710 (74.1)	0 (0.0)
Singapore^c	894 (10.1)	21.2 (1.6)	443 (49.6)	451 (50.4)	4 (0.4)
Thailand^b	1509 (17.1)	20.0 (1.3)	1242 (82.3)	267 (17.7)	1 (0.1)
Vietnam^a	817 (9.2)	21.4 (1.6)	413 (50.6)	404 (49.4)	6 (0.7)
All	8836 (100.0)	20.6 (2.0)	5042 (57.1)	3794 (42.9)	134 (1.5)

^aLower middle income country.

^bUpper middle income country.

^cHigh income country.

Table 2. Sexual behaviours in the past 12 months among university students from nine ASEAN countries.

Countries	All (n = 8,836)				Men (n = 5,042)			Women (n = 3,794)				Unprotected sex^1
	Number of sexual partner			Unprotected sex*	Number of sexual partner			Number of sexual partner
	None	One	Two or more		None	One	Two or more	None	One	Two or more	Gender difference	Male	Female	Gender difference
	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	%	P-value	%	%	P-value
Cambodia	90.3	7.6	2.1	42.6	87.4	8.8	3.8	93.3	6.3	0.4	<0.001	45.0	27.7	0.01
Indonesia	95.4	3.9	0.7	61.3	92.0	6.3	1.7	96.8	2.9	0.3	0.002	72.2	46.2	0.14
Laos	77.5	18.6	3.8	62.3	61.2	27.5	11.4	85.9	14.1	0.0	<0.001	52.9	84.1	<0.001
Malaysia	96.6	1.8	1.7	8.0	95.4	1.8	2.8	97.7	1.7	0.6	0.02	11.8	0.0	0.31
Myanmar	95.9	1.2	2.9	48.3	91.4	2.9	5.7	99.3	0.0	0.7	<0.001	39.1	83.3	0.05
Philippines	94.5	4.5	1.0	83.0	89.0	8.5	2.5	94.6	4.5	0.9	0.02	72.7	90.3	0.09
Singapore	87.8	7.9	4.3	57.8	84.9	9.1	6.0	90.7	6.8	2.5	0.01	50.0	73.5	0.02
Thailand	79.9	16.1	4.0	58.2	59.9	29.6	10.5	84.2	13.2	2.6	<0.001	58.2	58.2	1.00
Vietnam	93.0	5.4	1.6	13.6	90.3	6.9	2.7	95.6	3.9	0.5	0.005	10.0	21.4	0.36
All	89.2	8.3	2.5	54.3	85.0	10.2	4.8	91.8	7.1	1.1	<0.001	50.5	58.8	0.01

*Only unmarried students were included in the analyses.

Table 3. Factors associated with sexual partnership in the past 12 months among university students from nine ASEAN countries (n = 8,836).

Variables	No sexual partner vs. one sexual partner		<2 vs. ≥2 sexual partners
	CRRR (95% CI)	ARRR (95% CI)	CRRR (95% CI)	ARRR (95% CI)
Age groups
18–19 (32.2%)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
20–21 (49.7%)	2.75 (1.39, 5.47)**	2.33 (1.15, 4.74)*	2.84 (1.68, 4.78)**	2.49 (1.04, 5.97)*
22–30 (28.1%)	3.93 (1.44, 10.71)*	3.55 (1.64, 7.68)**	4.08 (1.58, 10.55)**	2.80 (1.23, 6.38)*
Gender
Female (62.0%)	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Male (38.0%)	1.54 (1.17, 2.04)**	1.17 (0.83, 1.64)	4.04 (1.72, 9.48)**	3.71 (1.39, 9.92)*
Family economic background
Quite well off/wealthy (36.9%)	Reference	Reference	Reference	–
Quite poor/not very well off (63.1%)	0.83 (0.40, 1.73)	–	1.38 (0.87, 2.20)	–
Living situation^a
With parents (34.1%)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Away from parents (65.9%)	1.26 (0.47, 3.38)	–	1.38 (0.87, 2.20)	–
Country income category
Upper middle income/High income (38.8%)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Lower middle income (61.2%)	0.54 (0.12, 2.40)	–	0.41 (0.14, 1.18)	–
Severe depressive symptoms (9.3%)	0.96 (0.45, 2.02)	1.13 (0.52, 2.45)	2.34 (1.23, 4.43)*	2.36 (1.33, 6.34)*
Current tobacco use (4.1%)	3.23 (1.86, 5.61)***	2.04 (0.84, 4.99)	10.80 (6.60, 17.67)***	4.57 (3.05, 6.85)***
Binge drinking (past year) (18.2%)	4.52 (2.48, 8.23)***	3.53 (1.79, 6.95)***	6.07 (3.58, 10.27)***	4.33 (2.76, 6.78)***
Illicit drug use on past year (17.4%)	1.80 (1.01, 3.23)*	1.46 (1.16, 1.84)**	1.52 (0.70, 3.28)	1.05 (0.65, 1.63)
Having been in physical fight in the past 12 months (6.9%)^a	1.17 (0.54, 2.50)	1.01 (0.67, 1.60)	3.88 (1.87, 8.02)**	2.36 (1.37, 4.05)**

RRR = Relative Risk Ratio.

***P < .001; **P < .01; *P < .05.

^aNot assessed in Cambodia.

Table 4. Associations with unprotected sex among unmarried university students (n = 8,836).

Variables	Unprotected sex
	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Age (in years)
18–19	Reference	Reference
20–21	0.66 (0.46, 0.96)*	0.48 (0.28, 0.82)**
22–30	0.46 (0.32, 0.68)***	0.35 (0.19, 0.57)***
Gender
Female	Reference	Reference
Male	0.64 (0.50, 0.82)**	0.68 (0.45, 0.98)*
Family economic background
Quite well off/wealthy	Reference	Reference
Quite poor/not very well off	0.63 (0.48, 0.81)***	0.61 (0.43, 0.88)**
Living situation^a
With parents	Reference	Reference
Away from parents	0.61 (0.45, 0.83)***	0.37 (0.26, 0.54)***
Country income category
Upper middle income/High income	Reference	–
Lower middle income	1.05 (0.82, 1.35)	–
Had severe depressive symptoms	0.74 (0.50, 1.09)	–
Current used tobacco	1.18 (0.79, 1.77)	–
Had binge drinking in the past 12 months	1.25 (0.97, 1.60)	–
Used Illicit drugs in the past 12 months	1.43 (1.03, 2.00)*	1.12 (0.78, 1.64)
Been in a physical fight in the past 12 months^a	1.61 (1.02, 2.56)*	2.56 (1.22, 5.36)*
Had ≥ 2 sexual partners in the past 12 month	0.64 (0.43, 0.86)**	0.69 (0.48, 0.99)*

COR = Crude odds ratio; AOR = Adjusted odds ratio; CI = Confidence interval.

***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05.

^aNot assessed in Cambodia.