Health-related quality of life and associated factors in adults living with HIV in Rwanda

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of socio-demographic and HIV-related characteristics of the participants.

Characteristics	Total N = 794	PLWH on ART use n = 698	PLWH not on ART n = 96	p-value
Gender				<0.001
Women	513 (64.6)	471 (67.5)	42 (43.8)
Men	281 (35.4)	227 (32.5)	54 (56.3)
Age group/ years				0.570
18–30	240 (30.2)	206 (29.5)	34 (35.4)
31–40	245 (30.9)	218 (31.2)	27 (28.1)
41–50	204 (25.7)	183 (26.2)	21 (21.9)
>50	105 (13.2)	91 (13.0)	14 (14.6)
Marital status				0.076
Never married	145 (18.3)	121 (17.3)	24 (25.0)
Currently married	507 (63.9)	457 (65.5)	50 (52.1)
Separated/Divorced	52 (6.5)	43 (6.2)	9 (9.4)
Widowed	90 (11.3)	77 (11.0)	13 (13.5)
Educational level				0.378
No formal education	160 (20.2)	139 (19.9)	21 (21.9)
Primary	476 (59.9)	415 (59.5)	61 (63.5)
≥ Secondary	158 (19.9)	144 (20.6)	14 (14.6)
Employment status				0.009
Public service	81 (10.2)	75 (10.7)	6 (6.3)
Self-employed	264 (33.2)	225 (32.2)	39 (40.6)
Peasant/Farmer	252 (31.7)	233 (33.4)	19 (19.8)
Unemployed	197 (24.8)	165 (23.6)	32 (33.3)
Monthly household income				0.067
≤20000 RWF	179 (22.5)	158 (22.6)	21 (21.9)
20001–40000 RWF	311 (39.2)	276 (39.5)	35 (36.5)
40001–60000 RWF	129 (16.2)	104 (14.9)	25 (26.0)
60001–80000 RWF	65 (8.2)	59 (8.5)	6 (6.3)
>80000 RWF	110 (13.9)	101 (14.5)	9 (9.4)
Residence location				<0.001
Rural	259 (32.6)	248 (35.5)	11 (11.5)
Urban	535 (67.4)	450 (64.5)	85 (88.5)
Time since HIV diagnosis				0.001
≤3 years	338 (42.6)	280 (40.1)	58 (60.4)
4–6 years	265 (33.4)	243 (34.8)	22 (22.9)
≥7 years	191 (24.1)	175 (25.1)	16 (16.7)
CD4 cell count				0.075
≤200 cells/μl	84 (10.6)	77 (11.0)	7 (7.3)
201–350 cells/μl	165 (20.8)	148 (21.2)	17 (17.7)
351–500 cells/μl	220 (27.7)	199 (28.5)	21 (21.9)
>500 cells/μl	325 (40.9)	274 (39.3)	51 (53.1)
Disclosure of HIV+ serostatus				<0.001
Yes	633 (79.7)	612 (87.7)	21 (21.9)
No	161 (20.3)	86 (12.3)	75 (78.1)

Table 2. Distribution of behavioural and biological risk factors for NCDs.

Characteristics	Total N = 794	PLWH on ART n = 698	PLWH not on ART n = 96	p-value
Tobacco use				0.679
Non-users	665 (83.8)	586 (84.0)	79 (82.3)
Users	129 (16.2)	112 (16.0)	17 (17.7)
Alcohol use				0.795
Non-users	545 (68.6)	478 (68.5)	67 (69.8)
Users	249 (31.4)	220 (31.5)	29 (30.2)
Physical activity level^a				0.276
Low	203 (26.3)	176 (25.9)	27 (29.0)
Moderate	184 (23.8)	168 (24.7)	16 (17.2)
High	385 (49.9)	335 (49.3)	50 (53.8)
Fruit and vegetable intake				0.717
≥5 servings	28 (3.5)	24 (3.4)	4 (4.2)
<5 servings	766 (96.5)	674 (96.6)	92 (95.8)
BMI category^b				0.056
Underweight	98 (12.3)	82 (11.7)	16 (16.7)
Normal weight	550 (69.3)	493 (70.6)	57 (59.4)
Overweight	115 (14.5)	100 (14.3)	15 (15.6)
Obese	31 (3.9)	23 (3.3)	8 (8.3)
Abdominal obesity^c				<0.001
No	437 (56.6)	365 (53.9)	72 (75.8)
Yes	335 (43.4)	312 (46.1)	23 (24.2)
Hypertension^d				<0.001
No	600 (75.6)	556 (79.7)	44 (45.8)
Yes	194 (24.4)	142 (20.3)	52 (54.2)

^aLow: <600MET min/week; moderate: 600–2999 MET min/week; high: ≥1500 MET min/week vigorous physical activity or ≥ 3000 MET min/week moderate/vigorous physical activity.

^bUnderweight: <18.5; normal: 18.50–24.99; overweight: 25.00–29.99; obese: ≥ 30.0.

^cHaving WHR greater than 0.95 for men and 0.85 for women.

^dA SBP of 140 mm Hg or more, or a DBP of 90 mm Hg or more.

Table 3. Distribution of MOS-HIV scores.

Dimensions	Mean ± SD	Minimum	Maximum
A. PHS	63.96 ± 11.68	30	92
- GH	41.35 ± 10.28	15	70
- PF	67.28 ± 12.25	58	92
- RF	76.65 ± 36.74	0	100
- SF	77.34 ± 23.35	0	100
- P	57.04 ± 26.96	0	100
B. MHS	53.43 ± 10.89	26	76
- CF	58.15 ± 16.00	20	95
- MH	45.54 ± 12.05	32	76
- EF	54.20 ± 9.94	35	75
- HD	60.71 ± 19.40	15	100
- QOL	50.40 ± 31.74	0	100
- HT (changes in health status)	50.56 ± 31.93	0	100

Abbreviations: PHS = Physical health summary score, GH = General Health Perception, PF = Physical Functioning, RF = Role function, SF = Social function, P = Pain, MHS = Mental health summary score, CF = Cognitive Functioning, MH = Mental Health, EF = Energy/Fatigue, HD = Health Distress, QOL = Quality of life, HT = Health transition.

Table 4. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for predicting PHS.

Variables	PHS
	Overall F-test	Beta	t	df	p-value	R square	Adjusted R square	R square change	Sig. F change
Model 1	5.977			3,644	.001	.081	.069	.081	.001
Marital status		.116	2.858		.004
Education		.085	2.153		.032
Employment		−.068	−1.641		.101
Model 2	5.703			6,641	.000	.153	.126	.072	.001
Marital status		.104	2.525		.012
Education		.071	1.822		.069
Employment		−.052	−1.256		.210
CD4 count		−.110	−2.731		.006
Disclosure of HIV+ serostatus		−.027	−.639		.523
HIV duration		−.063	−1.609		.108
Model 3	5.168			10,637	.000	.225	.183	.072	.002
Marital status		.086	2.038		.039
Education		.070	1.788		.074
Employment		−.033	−.793		.428
CD4 count		−.085	−2.015		.036
Disclosure of HIV+ serostatus		.001	.012		.990
HIV duration		−.065	−1.642		.101
Tobacco use		−.053	−1.106		.269
Physical inactivity		−.098	−2.374		.012
Abdominal obesity		−.086	−2.225		.026
Hypertension		−.107	−2.421		.008

F-statistic and p-value <0.05.

Table 5. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis for predicting MHS.

Variables	MHS
	Overall F-test	Beta	T	Df	p-value	R square	Adjusted R square	R square change	Sig. F change
Model 1	7.418			3,722	.000	.090	.078	.090	.000
Age		−.065	−1.767		.078
Marital status		.135	3.470		.001
Employment		−.051	−1.298		.195
Model 2	6.656			5,720	.000	.132	.114	.042	.005
Age		.054	−1.445		.149
Marital status		.114	2.925		.004
Employment		−.029	−.744		.457
CD4 count		−.052	−1.381		.168
Disclosure of HIV+ serostatus		−.107	−2.755		.006
Model 3	12.198			8,717	.000	.360	.330	.228	.000
Age		−.017	−.482		.630
Marital status		.111	2.955		.003
Employment		−.005	−.127		.899
CD4 count		−.029	−.791		.429
Disclosure of HIV+ serostatus		−.084	−2.223		.027
Tobacco use		−.272	−7.230		.000
Alcohol use		.008	−.225		.822
Abdominal obesity		−.089	−2.540		.011

F-statistic and p-value <0.05.