The impact of contextual family risks on prisoners' children's behavioural outcomes and the potential protective role of family functioning moderators

Figures & data

Table 1 Risk indicators for the cumulative risk measure

Indicator	Time	Risk defined by	Percent of sample reaching risk threshold
Mother education	Baseline	< high school education	45.8
Father education	Baseline	< high school education	49.5
Mother depression	Year one	Meets depression criteria	17.1
Father depression	Year one	Meets depression criteria	11.6
Poverty (mother report)	Baseline	Ratio of total household income to official poverty threshold < 99%	51.6
Parents relationship (mother report)	Baseline	Parents hardly talk, never talk or father unknown	8.6
Safe streets (mother report)	Baseline	Streets are unsafe or very unsafe	20.6
Mother alcohol and drugs	Year one	Consumed 5+ alcoholic drinks on 1+ days in the past month Used hard drugs in the last month	9.6
Father alcohol and drugs	Year one	Consumed 5+ alcoholic drinks on 1+ days in the past month Used hard drugs in the last month	23.4
Father employment	Baseline	No paid work in the last week	37.3

Table 2 Original and imputed descriptive statistics for cumulative risk and moderator variables

	Original Mean (SD)	Imputed Mean (SD)
Cumulative risk	2.68 (1.48) (Med = 3)	3.01 (1.58) (Med = 3)
Support	13.09 (3.45)	13.06 (3.35)
Shared responsibility	9.10 (4.57)	9.12 (4.27)
Mother–child closeness	8.12 (2.42)	7.79 (2.33)

Table 3 Cumulative risk correlated with behavioural outcomes and family moderators

Family moderators	Cumulative risk	CBCL (MI)	SDQ (CI)	CBCL and SDQ combined
Support	− 0.08^*	− 0.09	− 0.05	− 0.09^*
Shared responsibility	− 0.09^*	− 0.04	− 0.08^*	− 0.09^*
Mother–child closeness	− 0.05	− 0.08	− 0.13^* *	− 0.12^* *

^*p < .05, ^{* *}p < .01, two-tailed, n = 531–801, variation due to missing data on outcome variables, MI =  mother informant, CI = child informant.

Table 4 Moderation results

		CBCL	SDQ	CBCL and SDQ combined
Support		Coeff. (SE)	Coeff. (SE)	Coeff. (SE)
Intercept	b0	74.54^* * * (1.49)	14.49^* * * (0.80)	− 0.29^* * * (0.07)
Cumulative risk	b1	1.98^* * * (0.45)	0.75^* * (0.24)	0.10^* * * (0.02)
Support	b2	− 0.54 (0.45)	− 0.29 (0.25)	− 0.04^a (0.02)
Cumulative risk ×  support	b3	0.08 (0.15)	0.06 (0.07)	0.01 (0.01)
R^2 (overall model) =		0.050	0.021	0.046
Shared responsibility
Intercept	b0	74.46^* * * (1.48)	14.56^* * * (0.79)	− 0.28^* * * (0.07)
Cumulative risk	b1	2.01^* * * (0.44)	0.72^* * (0.24)	0.10^* * * (0.02)
Shared resp.	b2	− 0.25 (0.37)	− 0.12 (0.20)	− 0.02 (0.02)
Cumulative risk ×  Shared resp.	b3	0.06 (0.12)	− 0.01 (0.06)	0.00 (0.01)
R^2 (overall model) =		0.046	0.024	0.042
Mother–child closeness
Intercept	b0	74.55^* * * (1.47)	14.60^* * * (0.79)	− 0.28^* * * (0.07)
Cumulative risk	b1	1.98^* * * (0.44)	0.72^* * (0.23)	0.10^* * * (0.02)
Mother–child closeness	b2	− 1.03^a (0.62)	− 1.01^* * (0.33)	− 0.10^* * (0.03)
Cumulative risk x mother–child closeness	b3	0.18 (0.18)	0.17^a (0.10)	0.02^* (0.01)
R^2 (overall model) =		0.052	0.039	0.059
Accumulated protective factors (APF)
Intercept	b0	74.65^* * * (1.48)	14.66^* * * (0.79)	− 0.27^* * * (0.07)
Cumulative risk	b1	1.96^* * * (0.45)	0.70^* * (0.24)	0.09^* * * (0.02)
APF	b2	− 1.18^a (0.71)	− 0.90^* (0.39)	− 0.10^* * (0.04)
Cumulative risk ×  APF	b3	0.21 (0.22)	0.13 (0.12)	0.02 ^a (0.01)
R^2 (overall model) =		0.053	0.034	0.058

p ≤ .10, ^*p < .05, ^{* *}p < .01, ^{* * *}p < .001, two-tailed, n = 531–801, variation due to missing data on outcome variables.

Figure 1 Graph showing interaction among cumulative risk, mother–child closeness and SDQ outcome

Figure 2 Graph showing interaction among cumulative risk, mother–child closeness and CBCL and SDQ combined outcome

Figure 3 Graph showing interaction among cumulative risk, accumulated protective factors and CBCL and SDQ combined outcome