Effects of forewarnings on children’s and adults’ spontaneous false memories

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean recognized proportion of studied words and critical lures for bias uncorrected data

	11 – and 12-year-olds					Adults
	Control			Forewarning		Control			Forewarning
	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD		M	SD
Studied words	0.62	0.15		0.58	0.14	0.68	0.14		0.66	0.14
Critical lures	0.56	0.23		0.49	0.23	0.63	0.20		0.49	0.20

Table 2. Mean recognized proportion of studied words and critical lures for bias corrected data

	11 – and 12-year-olds					Adults
	Control			Forewarning		Control			Forewarning
	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD		M	SD
Studied words	.43	.20		.37	.13	.52	.20		.55	.13
Critical lures	.37	.29		.27	.20	.47	.28		.39	.21

Table

Critical Targets With List Items 1 to 15

*SLEEP: bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, snooze, blanket, doze, slumber, snore, nap, peace, yawn, drowsy

*SPIDER: web, insect, bug, fright, fly, arachnid, crawl, tarantula, poison, bite, creepy, animal, ugly, feelers, small

*WINDOW: door, glass, pane, shade, ledge, sill, house, open, curtain, frame, view, breeze, sash, screen, shutter

*RIVER: water, stream, lake, mississippi, boat, tide, swim, flow, run, barge, creek, brook, fish, bridge, winding

*MUSIC: note, sound, piano, sing, radio, band, melody, horn, concert, instrument, symphony, jazz, orchestra, art, rhythm

*FRUIT: apple, vegetable, orange, kiwi, citrus, ripe, pear, banana, berry, cherry, basket, juice, salad, bowl, cocktail

*SMOKE: cigarette, addiction, cancer, harmful, lung, drug, horrible, cigar, cough, nicotine, marijuana, ash, lighter, swallow, tobacco

*FLAG: banner, american, symbol, stars, anthem, stripes, pole, wave, raised, national, checkered, emblem, sign, freedom, pendant

* HI lists according to Neuschatz et al. (2003)

Neuschatz, J. S., Benoit, G. E., & Payne, D. G. (2003). Effective warnings in the Deese- Roediger-McDermott false-memory paradigm: The role of identifiability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.1.35

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar